Cobalt vs Hafnium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Co
Hf
Group Number
9
9
4
14
Period Number
4
6
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440484
38
7440586
30
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
- Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
- It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
Sources
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By-product Zirconium Refining
History
Who Discovered
Georg Brandt
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Discovery
In 1732
In 1922
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %
9
7 * 10-8 %
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %
9
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.06 %
10
0.00 %
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
21
0.00 %
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
20
0.00 %
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
17
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
- Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
- It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Ammunition Industry
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3
18
Not Available
In Bone
0.04 p.p.m.
27
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,495.00 °C
29
2,150.00 °C
10
Boiling Point
2,870.00 °C
34
5,400.00 °C
5
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.00
8
5.50
7
Brinell Hardness
470.00 MPa
26
1,450.00 MPa
6
Vickers Hardness
1,043.00 MPa
11
1,520.00 MPa
5
Speed of Sound
4,720.00 m/s
14
3,010.00 m/s
27
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
67.00 %
11
Not Available
Allotropes
Yes
No
α Allotropes
α-Cobalt
Not Available
β Allotropes
β-Cobalt
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Co
Hf
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
26
13
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.88
12
1.30
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.56
1
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.70
5
1.23
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.84
10
1.16
37
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.12
99+
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol
19
658.50 kJ/mol
40
2nd Energy Level
1,648.00 kJ/mol
31
1,440.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,232.00 kJ/mol
22
2,250.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol
19
3,216.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
7,670.00 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
6th Energy Level
9,840.00 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
7th Energy level
12,440.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
8th Energy Level
15,230.00 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
9th Energy Level
17,959.00 kJ/mol
13
Not Available
10th Energy Level
26,570.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
11th Energy Level
29,400.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
12th Energy Level
32,400.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
13th Energy Level
36,600.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
14th Energy Level
39,700.00 kJ/mol
9
Not Available
15th Energy Level
42,800.00 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
16th Energy Level
49,396.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
17th Energy Level
52,737.00 kJ/mol
13
Not Available
18th Energy Level
134,810.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
19th Energy Level
145,170.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
20th Energy Level
154,700.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
21st Energy Level
167,400.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
22nd Energy Level
178,100.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
23rd Energy Level
189,300.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
5.00 eV
5
3.90 eV
27
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
22
99+
72
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d2 4s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
22
99+
72
99+
Number of Neutrons
26
99+
106
29
Number of Electrons
22
99+
72
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
147.00 pm
34
159.00 pm
28
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm
30
175.00 pm
23
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu
99+
178.49 amu
39
Atomic Volume
10.64 cm3/mol
99+
13.60 cm3/mol
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
95.20 (-eV)
10
81.00 (-eV)
16
Lattice Constant
295.08 pm
99+
319.64 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.58
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
4.51 g/cm3
99+
13.31 g/cm3
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.11 g/cm3
99+
12.00 g/cm3
12
Tensile Strength
434.00 MPa
9
445.00 MPa
8
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.98 (Pa)
14
0.00 (Pa)
24
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa
17
30.00 GPa
23
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa
15
110.00 GPa
15
Young's Modulus
116.00 GPa
18
78.00 GPa
25
Poisson Ratio
0.32
12
0.37
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
4,500.00
1
13.31
18
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
420.00 nΩ·m
12
331.00 nΩ·m
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω
39
Electron Affinity
7.60 kJ/mol
37
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.52 J/(kg K)
9
0.14 J/(kg K)
37
Molar Heat Capacity
25.06 J/mol·K
99+
25.73 J/mol·K
36
Thermal Conductivity
21.90 W/m·K
99+
23.00 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
8.60 µm/(m·K)
99+
5.90 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol
15
661.10 kJ/mol
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol
19
25.10 kJ/mol
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol
15
703.00 kJ/mol
5
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
43.60 J/mol.K
34
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