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Cobalt vs Ruthenium

Cobalt
Ruthenium
Ruthenium vs Cobalt


Periodic Table
Symbol
Co  
Ru  
Group Number
9  
9
8  
10
Period Number
4  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440484  
38
7440188  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Sources
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Georg Brandt  
Karl Ernst Claus  
Discovery
In 1732  
In 1844  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.06 %  
10
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3  
18
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.04 p.p.m.  
32
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,495.00 °C  
29
2,250.00 °C  
8
Boiling Point
2,870.00 °C  
35
3,900.00 °C  
14
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00  
8
6.50  
5
Brinell Hardness
470.00 MPa  
31
2,160.00 MPa  
3
Vickers Hardness
1,043.00 MPa  
18
1,160.00 MPa  
14
Speed of Sound
4,720.00 m/s  
18
5,970.00 m/s  
7
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.50  
5
2.60  
4
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
16
6.00 %  
38
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-Cobalt  
-  
β Allotropes
β-Cobalt  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Co  
Ru  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.88  
13
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.56  
1
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.70  
6
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.88  
14
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.84  
13
1.54  
28
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.12  
99+
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
19
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
2nd Energy Level
1,648.00 kJ/mol  
32
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,232.00 kJ/mol  
22
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
4th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
29
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
5th Energy Level
7,670.00 kJ/mol  
18
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
6th Energy Level
9,840.00 kJ/mol  
18
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
12,440.00 kJ/mol  
11
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
8th Energy Level
15,230.00 kJ/mol  
12
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
17,959.00 kJ/mol  
13
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
26,570.00 kJ/mol  
7
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
11th Energy Level
29,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
12th Energy Level
32,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
36,600.00 kJ/mol  
8
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
14th Energy Level
39,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
42,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
16th Energy Level
49,396.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
17th Energy Level
52,737.00 kJ/mol  
13
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
134,810.00 kJ/mol  
1
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
19th Energy Level
145,170.00 kJ/mol  
2
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
20th Energy Level
154,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
21st Energy Level
167,400.00 kJ/mol  
4
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
178,100.00 kJ/mol  
3
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
23rd Energy Level
189,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
25th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
26th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
27th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
16
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
28th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
22
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
29th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
23
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
30th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.00 eV  
9
4.71 eV  
14
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
22  
99+
44  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d2 4s2  
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100  
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
22  
99+
44  
99+
Number of Neutrons
26  
99+
57  
99+
Number of Electrons
22  
99+
44  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
147.00 pm  
36
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm  
32
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu  
99+
101.07 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
10.64 cm3/mol  
99+
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Iron
  
Technetium
  
Next Element
Nickel
  
Rhodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
95.20 (-eV)  
10
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
295.08 pm  
99+
270.59 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.26  
99+
1.58  
33
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
4.51 g/cm3  
99+
12.45 g/cm3  
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.11 g/cm3  
99+
10.65 g/cm3  
37
Tensile Strength
434.00 MPa  
10
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.98 (Pa)  
14
0.00 (Pa)  
23
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa  
17
173.00 GPa  
4
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
220.00 GPa  
7
Young's Modulus
116.00 GPa  
20
447.00 GPa  
3
Poisson Ratio
0.32  
12
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4,500.00  
1
12.45  
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
3
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
420.00 nΩ·m  
12
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
Electron Affinity
7.60 kJ/mol  
99+
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.52 J/(kg K)  
9
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
Molar Heat Capacity
25.06 J/mol·K  
99+
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
21.90 W/m·K  
99+
117.00 W/m·K  
13
Critical Temperature
1,768.00 K  
32
2,607.00 K  
9
Thermal Expansion
8.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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