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Ruthenium Cobalt Comparison

Ruthenium
Cobalt
Cobalt Ruthenium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru   
Co   
Group Number
8   
10
9   
9
Period Number
5   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440188   
99+
7440484   
38
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus   
Georg Brandt   
Discovery
In 1844   
In 1732   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %   
20
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %   
22
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
26
0.06 %   
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
21
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
38
0.00 %   
20
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3   
18
In Bone
Not Available   
0.04 p.p.m.   
27
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C   
8
1,495.00 °C   
29
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C   
14
2,870.00 °C   
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50   
5
5.00   
8
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa   
3
470.00 MPa   
26
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,043.00 MPa   
11
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s   
4
4,720.00 m/s   
14
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
Yes   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
α-Cobalt   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
β-Cobalt   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ru   
Co   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
26   
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
1.88   
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.56   
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42   
18
1.70   
5
Allen Electronegativity
1.54   
25
1.84   
10
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
2.12   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol   
32
760.40 kJ/mol   
19
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol   
99+
1,648.00 kJ/mol   
31
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol   
37
3,232.00 kJ/mol   
22
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,950.00 kJ/mol   
19
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,670.00 kJ/mol   
12
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
9,840.00 kJ/mol   
12
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,440.00 kJ/mol   
11
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,230.00 kJ/mol   
12
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
17,959.00 kJ/mol   
13
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,570.00 kJ/mol   
7
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
29,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
32,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
36,600.00 kJ/mol   
8
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
39,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
42,800.00 kJ/mol   
12
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
49,396.00 kJ/mol   
11
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
52,737.00 kJ/mol   
13
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,810.00 kJ/mol   
1
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
145,170.00 kJ/mol   
2
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
154,700.00 kJ/mol   
4
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
167,400.00 kJ/mol   
4
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
178,100.00 kJ/mol   
3
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
189,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV   
9
5.00 eV   
5
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Ionization   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
44   
99+
22   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1   
[Ar] 3d2 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44   
99+
22   
99+
Number of Neutrons
57   
99+
26   
99+
Number of Electrons
44   
99+
22   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm   
99+
147.00 pm   
34
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm   
38
160.00 pm   
30
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu   
99+
47.87 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+
10.64 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Iron
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Nickel
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)   
22
95.20 (-eV)   
10
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm   
99+
295.08 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
11
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3   
27
4.51 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3   
16
4.11 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
434.00 MPa   
9
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
23
0.98 (Pa)   
14
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa   
4
44.00 GPa   
17
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa   
7
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa   
3
116.00 GPa   
18
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
0.32   
12
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45   
19
4,500.00   
1
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Poor Conductor   
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m   
38
420.00 nΩ·m   
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
16
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol   
10
7.60 kJ/mol   
37
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
24
0.52 J/(kg K)   
9
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
25.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K   
13
21.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
8.60 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol   
10
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol   
7
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol   
9
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K   
99+
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
Summary >>
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