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Ruthenium vs Zinc

Ruthenium
Zinc
Zinc vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru  
Zn  
Group Number
8  
10
12  
6
Period Number
5  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440188  
99+
7440666  
24
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus  
Indian metallurgists  
Discovery
In 1844  
Before 1000 BCE  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
12
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
26
0.02 %  
12
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
16
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
7
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
  • It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
7.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
6
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
170.00 p.p.m.  
6
Physical
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C  
8
419.58 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C  
14
907.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50  
5
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa  
3
327.00 MPa  
39
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa  
14
207.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s  
7
3,850.00 m/s  
25
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.60  
4
1.00  
99+
Reflectivity
6.00 %  
38
80.00 %  
7
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ru  
Zn  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
25  
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
1.65  
20
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
2.23  
7
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.66  
8
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
1.65  
20
Allen Electronegativity
1.54  
28
1.59  
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.35  
35
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
906.40 kJ/mol  
6
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
1,733.30 kJ/mol  
28
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
3,833.00 kJ/mol  
12
4th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,731.00 kJ/mol  
20
5th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
7,970.00 kJ/mol  
15
6th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
15
7th Energy level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
12,900.00 kJ/mol  
9
8th Energy Level
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16,800.00 kJ/mol  
6
9th Energy Level
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19,600.00 kJ/mol  
8
10th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
23,000.00 kJ/mol  
10
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
26,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29,990.00 kJ/mol  
33
13th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
40,490.00 kJ/mol  
5
14th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
43,800.00 kJ/mol  
6
15th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
47,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
52,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
55,900.00 kJ/mol  
10
18th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
59,700.00 kJ/mol  
11
19th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
67,300.00 kJ/mol  
10
20th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
171,200.00 kJ/mol  
1
21st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
179,100.00 kJ/mol  
1
22nd Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
906.00 kJ/mol  
9
23rd Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
906.40 kJ/mol  
37
24th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
906.40 kJ/mol  
5
25th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
906.40 kJ/mol  
4
26th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
906.40 kJ/mol  
4
27th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
906.40 kJ/mol  
3
28th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
906.40 kJ/mol  
6
29th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
906.40 kJ/mol  
7
30th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
906.40 kJ/mol  
4
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.22 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV  
14
4.33 eV  
24
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
44  
99+
30  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
[Ar] 3d10 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zinc.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44  
99+
30  
99+
Number of Neutrons
57  
99+
35  
99+
Number of Electrons
44  
99+
30  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
122.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
139.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu  
99+
65.38 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
9.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Copper
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Gallium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
38.90 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm  
99+
266.49 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
33
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3  
29
7.14 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3  
37
6.57 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
120.00 MPa  
27
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
7
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa  
4
43.00 GPa  
18
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa  
7
70.00 GPa  
20
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa  
3
108.00 GPa  
21
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.25  
24
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45  
31
6.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
16
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
6
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
59.00 nΩ·m  
40
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
0.17 106/cm Ω  
12
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
0.39 J/(kg K)  
14
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
25.47 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K  
13
116.00 W/m·K  
14
Critical Temperature
2,607.00 K  
9
692.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
30.20 µm/(m·K)  
11
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
7.32 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
7.32 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
129.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
41.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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