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Zinc vs Ruthenium

Zinc
Ruthenium
Ruthenium vs Zinc


Periodic Table
Symbol
Zn  
Ru  
Group Number
12  
6
8  
10
Period Number
4  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440666  
24
7440188  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.
  
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Indian metallurgists  
Karl Ernst Claus  
Discovery
Before 1000 BCE  
In 1844  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
12
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.02 %  
12
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
16
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
7
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
  • It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.
  
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
7.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
6
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
170.00 p.p.m.  
6
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
419.58 °C  
99+
2,250.00 °C  
8
Boiling Point
907.00 °C  
99+
3,900.00 °C  
14
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
6.50  
5
Brinell Hardness
327.00 MPa  
39
2,160.00 MPa  
3
Vickers Hardness
207.00 MPa  
99+
1,160.00 MPa  
14
Speed of Sound
3,850.00 m/s  
25
5,970.00 m/s  
7
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.00  
99+
2.60  
4
Reflectivity
80.00 %  
7
6.00 %  
38
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Zn  
Ru  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
25  
14
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.65  
20
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.23  
7
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.66  
8
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.65  
20
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.59  
25
1.54  
28
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.35  
35
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol  
6
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
2nd Energy Level
1,733.30 kJ/mol  
28
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,833.00 kJ/mol  
12
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
4th Energy Level
5,731.00 kJ/mol  
20
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
5th Energy Level
7,970.00 kJ/mol  
15
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
15
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
12,900.00 kJ/mol  
9
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
8th Energy Level
16,800.00 kJ/mol  
6
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
19,600.00 kJ/mol  
8
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
23,000.00 kJ/mol  
10
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
11th Energy Level
26,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
12th Energy Level
29,990.00 kJ/mol  
33
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
40,490.00 kJ/mol  
5
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
14th Energy Level
43,800.00 kJ/mol  
6
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
47,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
16th Energy Level
52,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
17th Energy Level
55,900.00 kJ/mol  
10
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
59,700.00 kJ/mol  
11
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
19th Energy Level
67,300.00 kJ/mol  
10
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
20th Energy Level
171,200.00 kJ/mol  
1
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
21st Energy Level
179,100.00 kJ/mol  
1
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
906.00 kJ/mol  
9
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
23rd Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol  
37
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol  
5
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
25th Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol  
4
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
26th Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol  
4
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
27th Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol  
3
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
28th Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol  
6
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
29th Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol  
7
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
30th Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol  
4
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.22 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.33 eV  
24
4.71 eV  
14
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
30  
99+
44  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2  
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zinc.jpg#100  
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
30  
99+
44  
99+
Number of Neutrons
35  
99+
57  
99+
Number of Electrons
30  
99+
44  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm  
99+
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
65.38 amu  
99+
101.07 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
9.20 cm3/mol  
99+
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Copper
  
Technetium
  
Next Element
Gallium
  
Rhodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
38.90 (-eV)  
99+
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
266.49 pm  
99+
270.59 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.86  
4
1.58  
33
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.14 g/cm3  
99+
12.45 g/cm3  
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.57 g/cm3  
99+
10.65 g/cm3  
37
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa  
27
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
7
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
23
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
43.00 GPa  
18
173.00 GPa  
4
Bulk Modulus
70.00 GPa  
20
220.00 GPa  
7
Young's Modulus
108.00 GPa  
21
447.00 GPa  
3
Poisson Ratio
0.25  
24
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.90  
99+
12.45  
31
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
16
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
6
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
59.00 nΩ·m  
40
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.17 106/cm Ω  
12
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.39 J/(kg K)  
14
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
Molar Heat Capacity
25.47 J/mol·K  
99+
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
116.00 W/m·K  
14
117.00 W/m·K  
13
Critical Temperature
692.00 K  
99+
2,607.00 K  
9
Thermal Expansion
30.20 µm/(m·K)  
11
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
7.32 kJ/mol  
99+
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.32 kJ/mol  
99+
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
129.70 kJ/mol  
99+
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K  
99+
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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