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Zinc Ruthenium Comparison

Zinc
Ruthenium
Ruthenium Zinc comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Zn   
Ru   
Group Number
12   
6
8   
10
Period Number
4   
5   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440666   
24
7440188   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.
  
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Indian metallurgists   
Karl Ernst Claus   
Discovery
Before 1000 BCE   
In 1844   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-5 %   
11
4 * 10-7 %   
20
Abundance In Sun
~0.0002 %   
10
~0.0000005 %   
22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.02 %   
12
0.00 %   
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
16
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
10
0.00 %   
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
6
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
  • It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.
  
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry   
Medical Research   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Low Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
7.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
6
Not Available   
In Bone
170.00 p.p.m.   
6
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
419.58 °C   
99+
2,250.00 °C   
8
Boiling Point
907.00 °C   
99+
3,900.00 °C   
14
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Gray   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50   
14
6.50   
5
Brinell Hardness
327.00 MPa   
32
2,160.00 MPa   
3
Speed of Sound
3,850.00 m/s   
18
5,970.00 m/s   
4
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.00   
2
Not Available   
Reflectivity
80.00 %   
5
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Zn   
Ru   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
25   
14
26   
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.65   
19
2.20   
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.23   
6
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.66   
7
1.42   
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.65   
11
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.59   
22
1.54   
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.35   
35
1.80   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol   
6
710.20 kJ/mol   
32
2nd Energy Level
1,733.30 kJ/mol   
27
710.22 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,833.00 kJ/mol   
12
2,747.00 kJ/mol   
37
4th Energy Level
5,731.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
5th Energy Level
7,970.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
7th Energy level
12,900.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
16,800.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
19,600.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
23,000.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
26,400.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
12th Energy Level
29,990.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
13th Energy Level
40,490.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
14th Energy Level
43,800.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
15th Energy Level
47,300.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
16th Energy Level
52,300.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
17th Energy Level
55,900.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
18th Energy Level
59,700.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
19th Energy Level
67,300.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
20th Energy Level
171,200.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
21st Energy Level
179,100.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.22 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.26 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.33 eV   
17
4.71 eV   
9
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
30   
99+
44   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2   
[Kr] 4d7 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zinc.jpg#100   
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
30   
99+
44   
99+
Number of Neutrons
35   
99+
57   
99+
Number of Electrons
30   
99+
44   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm   
99+
134.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm   
99+
146.00 pm   
38
Van der Waals Radius
139.00 pm   
99+
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
65.38 amu   
99+
101.07 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
9.20 cm3/mol   
99+
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Copper
  
Technetium
  
Next Element
Gallium
  
Rhodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
38.90 (-eV)   
99+
64.00 (-eV)   
22
Lattice Constant
266.49 pm   
99+
270.59 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.58   
11
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.14 g/cm3   
99+
12.45 g/cm3   
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.57 g/cm3   
37
10.65 g/cm3   
16
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
23
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
43.00 GPa   
18
173.00 GPa   
4
Bulk Modulus
70.00 GPa   
19
220.00 GPa   
7
Young's Modulus
108.00 GPa   
19
447.00 GPa   
3
Poisson Ratio
0.25   
24
0.30   
14
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.90   
99+
12.45   
19
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
59.00 nΩ·m   
40
71.00 nΩ·m   
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.17 106/cm Ω   
12
0.14 106/cm Ω   
16
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
101.30 kJ/mol   
10
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.39 J/(kg K)   
14
0.24 J/(kg K)   
24
Molar Heat Capacity
25.47 J/mol·K   
39
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
116.00 W/m·K   
14
117.00 W/m·K   
13
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
30.20 µm/(m·K)   
11
6.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
7.32 kJ/mol   
99+
567.80 kJ/mol   
10
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.32 kJ/mol   
99+
25.50 kJ/mol   
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
129.70 kJ/mol   
99+
603.00 kJ/mol   
9
Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K   
36
28.50 J/mol.K   
99+
Summary >>
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