Ruthenium Mercury Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru
Hg
Group Number
8
10
12
6
Period Number
5
6
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440188
99+
7439976
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
R_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
166.00
6
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
- At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
- A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
- Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus
Ancient Chinese and Indians
Discovery
In 1844
Before 2000 BCE
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %
20
Not Available
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %
22
~-9999 %
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
26
Not Available
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.05 %
9
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
38
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
- It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
- It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Medical Research
Dentistry
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
23
In Bone
Not Available
0.45 p.p.m.
19
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C
8
Not Available
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C
14
356.58 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Liquid
Color
Silvery White
Silver
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.50
5
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa
3
Not Available
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s
4
1,451.40 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
Not Available
1.00
3
Reflectivity
Not Available
73.00 %
8
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ru
Hg
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
26
13
34
5
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20
4
2.00
7
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
2.20
7
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42
18
1.44
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.81
9
Allen Electronegativity
1.54
25
1.44
30
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80
99+
2.00
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol
32
1,007.10 kJ/mol
4
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol
99+
1,810.00 kJ/mol
20
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol
37
3,300.00 kJ/mol
20
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr
99+
3.74 g/amp-hr
10
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV
9
4.49 eV
15
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
44
99+
80
36
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Mercury.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
44
99+
80
36
Number of Neutrons
57
99+
121
22
Number of Electrons
44
99+
80
36
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm
99+
151.00 pm
32
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm
38
132.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
155.00 pm
99+
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu
99+
200.59 amu
32
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol
99+
14.82 cm3/mol
35
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)
22
28.20 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm
99+
300.50 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
NA
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58
11
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3
27
13.53 g/cm3
24
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3
16
Not Available
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
0.00
1
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
23
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa
4
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa
7
Not Available
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa
3
Not Available
Poisson Ratio
0.30
14
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
12.45
19
13.53
16
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m
38
961.00 nΩ·m
1
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω
16
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol
10
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)
24
0.14 J/(kg K)
38
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K
99+
27.98 J/mol·K
13
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K
13
8.30 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
1,750.00 K
6
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
60.40 µm/(m·K)
5
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol
10
56.90 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol
7
2.29 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol
9
61.50 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K
99+
75.80 J/mol.K
6
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