Scandium Actinium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Sc
Ac
Group Number
3
15
Not Available
Period Number
4
7
Block
d block
f block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Actinide
CAS Number
7440202
99+
7440348
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
Not Available
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Obtained by Treating Radium with Neutrons, Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Friedrich Oskar Giesel
Discovery
In 1879
In 1902
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-6 %
15
Not Available
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %
16
~-9999 %
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
18
Not Available
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
23
Not Available
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
32
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
- Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
- Actinium metal has a great source of alpha rays but it is hardly used outside research purpose.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
22
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
34
0.00 p.p.m.
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C
24
1,227.00 °C
38
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C
35
3,200.00 °C
26
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
Lustrous
NA
Hardness
Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa
12
Not Available
Speed of Sound
Not Available
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Sc
Ac
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
13
26
29
10
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36
29
1.10
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.02
21
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20
27
1.00
36
Allen Electronegativity
1.19
36
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64
25
2.90
10
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol
99+
499.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,170.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol
99+
1,900.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol
6
4,700.00 kJ/mol
23
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol
14
Not Available
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol
13
Not Available
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol
16
Not Available
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr
99+
2.82 g/amp-hr
18
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV
31
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
21
99+
89
29
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
[Rn] 6d1 7s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Actinium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
21
99+
89
29
Number of Neutrons
24
99+
138
16
Number of Electrons
21
99+
89
29
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm
26
195.00 pm
7
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm
25
Not Available
Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm
25
Not Available
Atomic Weight
44.96 amu
99+
227.00 amu
25
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol
34
22.54 cm3/mol
11
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)
24
38.60 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
330.90 pm
99+
567.00 pm
8
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59
7
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3
99+
10.00 g/cm3
37
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3
99+
Not Available
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
22
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)
3
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa
24
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa
21
Not Available
Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa
26
Not Available
Poisson Ratio
0.28
18
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
2.99
99+
10.07
28
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Unknown
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m
10
Not Available
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Not Available
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol
33
Not Available
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)
8
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K
37
27.20 J/mol·K
18
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K
99+
12.00 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)
39
Not Available
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol
28
Not Available
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol
25
Not Available
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol
28
301.00 kJ/mol
36
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K
99+
56.50 J/mol.K
25
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