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Scandium vs Chromium

Scandium
Chromium
Chromium vs Scandium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sc   
Cr   
Group Number
3   
15
6   
12
Period Number
4   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440202   
99+
7440473   
39
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson   
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin   
Discovery
In 1879   
In Between 1797 - 1798   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-6 %   
15
1.5 * 10-3 %   
7
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %   
16
~0.002 %   
7
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
18
0.30 %   
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
23
0.01 %   
13
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
32
0.00 %   
16
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
16
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
22
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3   
12
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
34
0.33 p.p.m.   
21
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C   
24
1,857.00 °C   
14
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C   
35
2,672.00 °C   
39
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Lustrous   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
8.50   
1
Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa   
12
687.00 MPa   
16
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,060.00 MPa   
10
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
5,940.00 m/s   
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Sc   
Cr   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
13   
26
21   
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36   
29
1.66   
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.02   
21
1.66   
14
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20   
27
1.56   
10
Allen Electronegativity
1.19   
36
1.65   
19
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64   
25
2.34   
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol   
99+
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
1
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol   
99+
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
1
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol   
99+
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
1
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol   
6
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
1
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol   
6
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol   
7
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol   
8
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol   
11
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol   
14
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol   
13
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol   
16
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
12
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol   
2
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
13
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol   
2
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
10
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol   
3
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
12
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol   
4
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol   
5
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
2
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
4
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol   
8
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
5
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
7
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
157,700.00 kJ/mol   
7
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
166,090.00 kJ/mol   
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.32 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV   
31
4.50 eV   
14
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
21   
99+
24   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2   
[Ar] 3d5 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
21   
99+
24   
99+
Number of Neutrons
24   
99+
28   
99+
Number of Electrons
21   
99+
24   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm   
26
128.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm   
25
139.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm   
25
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
44.96 amu   
99+
52.00 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol   
34
7.23 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Calcium
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Titanium
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)   
24
170.00 (-eV)   
4
Lattice Constant
330.90 pm   
99+
291.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59   
7
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3   
99+
7.19 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3   
99+
6.30 g/cm3   
40
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
689.00 MPa   
7
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)   
3
774.00 (Pa)   
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa   
24
115.00 GPa   
9
Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa   
21
160.00 GPa   
11
Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa   
26
279.00 GPa   
8
Poisson Ratio
0.28   
18
0.21   
32
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
2.99   
99+
7.19   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Antiferromagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
NA   
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m   
10
125.00 nΩ·m   
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.08 106/cm Ω   
25
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol   
33
64.30 kJ/mol   
15
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)   
8
0.45 J/(kg K)   
12
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
23.35 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K   
99+
93.90 W/m·K   
17
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)   
39
4.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol   
28
348.80 kJ/mol   
24
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol   
25
15.31 kJ/mol   
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol   
28
397.50 kJ/mol   
21
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K   
99+
23.80 J/mol.K   
99+
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