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Chromium vs Scandium

Chromium
Scandium
Scandium vs Chromium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cr  
Sc  
Group Number
6  
12
3  
15
Period Number
4  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440473  
39
7440202  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Lars Fredrik Nilson  
Discovery
In Between 1797 - 1798  
In 1879  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
7
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.30 %  
7
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
13
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
32
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3  
12
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
In Bone
0.33 p.p.m.  
25
0.00 p.p.m.  
39
Physical
Melting Point
1,857.00 °C  
14
1,539.00 °C  
24
Boiling Point
2,672.00 °C  
99+
2,832.00 °C  
36
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
8.50  
1
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
687.00 MPa  
18
750.00 MPa  
13
Vickers Hardness
1,060.00 MPa  
17
1,200.00 MPa  
13
Speed of Sound
5,940.00 m/s  
8
6,100.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.97  
2
1.80  
21
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
93.00 %  
3
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cr  
Sc  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
21  
18
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.66  
19
1.36  
30
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.66  
17
1.02  
40
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.56  
11
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.66  
19
1.36  
31
Allen Electronegativity
1.65  
22
1.19  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.34  
36
2.64  
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
1
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
1
1,235.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
1
2,388.60 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
1
7,090.60 kJ/mol  
13
5th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
8,843.00 kJ/mol  
7
6th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
10,679.00 kJ/mol  
13
7th Energy level
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
13,310.00 kJ/mol  
8
8th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
15,250.00 kJ/mol  
11
9th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
17,370.00 kJ/mol  
14
10th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
21,726.00 kJ/mol  
13
11th Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
12
24,102.00 kJ/mol  
16
12th Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
36
66,320.00 kJ/mol  
7
13th Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
10
73,010.00 kJ/mol  
2
14th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
12
80,160.00 kJ/mol  
3
15th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
2
89,490.00 kJ/mol  
6
16th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
2
97,400.00 kJ/mol  
5
17th Energy Level
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
105,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
18th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
4
117,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
19th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
5
124,270.00 kJ/mol  
8
20th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
7
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
157,700.00 kJ/mol  
7
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
166,090.00 kJ/mol  
6
633.00 kJ/mol  
35
23rd Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
32
633.10 kJ/mol  
37
25th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
34
633.00 kJ/mol  
39
26th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
33
633.10 kJ/mol  
38
27th Energy Level
652.90 kJ/mol  
34
633.10 kJ/mol  
40
28th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
39
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
40
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
36
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.32 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.56 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
3.50 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
24  
99+
21  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s1  
[Ar] 3d1 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
24  
99+
21  
99+
Number of Neutrons
28  
99+
24  
99+
Number of Electrons
24  
99+
21  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm  
99+
162.00 pm  
28
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
170.00 pm  
27
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
211.00 pm  
32
Atomic Weight
52.00 amu  
99+
44.96 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
7.23 cm3/mol  
99+
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Vanadium
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Manganese
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
170.00 (-eV)  
4
58.00 (-eV)  
25
Lattice Constant
291.00 pm  
99+
330.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.86  
4
1.59  
24
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.19 g/cm3  
99+
2.99 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.30 g/cm3  
99+
2.80 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
689.00 MPa  
7
150.00 MPa  
25
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
26
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
774.00 (Pa)  
1
91.30 (Pa)  
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
115.00 GPa  
9
29.10 GPa  
28
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa  
11
56.60 GPa  
22
Young's Modulus
279.00 GPa  
8
74.40 GPa  
28
Poisson Ratio
0.21  
33
0.28  
18
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.19  
99+
2.99  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Antiferromagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
10
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
125.00 nΩ·m  
27
562.00 nΩ·m  
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω  
30
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
64.30 kJ/mol  
17
18.10 kJ/mol  
39
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.45 J/(kg K)  
12
0.60 J/(kg K)  
8
Molar Heat Capacity
23.35 J/mol·K  
99+
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
93.90 W/m·K  
17
15.80 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,907.00 K  
24
1,814.00 K  
28
Thermal Expansion
4.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
10.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
348.80 kJ/mol  
35
314.20 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.31 kJ/mol  
20
14.10 kJ/mol  
29
Enthalpy of Atomization
397.50 kJ/mol  
27
343.00 kJ/mol  
38
Standard Molar Entropy
23.80 J/mol.K  
99+
34.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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