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Chromium Scandium Comparison

Chromium
Scandium
Scandium Chromium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cr   
Sc   
Group Number
6   
12
3   
15
Period Number
4   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440473   
39
7440202   
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin   
Lars Fredrik Nilson   
Discovery
In Between 1797 - 1798   
In 1879   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1.5 * 10-3 %   
7
3 * 10-6 %   
15
Abundance In Sun
~0.002 %   
7
~0.000004 %   
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.30 %   
7
0.00 %   
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
13
0.00 %   
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
16
0.00 %   
32
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
16
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3   
12
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
22
In Bone
0.33 p.p.m.   
21
0.00 p.p.m.   
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,857.00 °C   
14
1,539.00 °C   
24
Boiling Point
2,672.00 °C   
39
2,832.00 °C   
35
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Lustrous   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
8.50   
1
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
687.00 MPa   
16
750.00 MPa   
12
Vickers Hardness
1,060.00 MPa   
10
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
5,940.00 m/s   
5
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cr   
Sc   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
21   
18
13   
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.66   
18
1.36   
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.66   
14
1.02   
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.56   
10
1.20   
27
Allen Electronegativity
1.65   
19
1.19   
36
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.34   
36
2.64   
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
1
633.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
1
1,235.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
1
2,388.60 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
1
7,090.60 kJ/mol   
6
5th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
8,843.00 kJ/mol   
6
6th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
10,679.00 kJ/mol   
7
7th Energy level
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
13,310.00 kJ/mol   
8
8th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
15,250.00 kJ/mol   
11
9th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
17,370.00 kJ/mol   
14
10th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
21,726.00 kJ/mol   
13
11th Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
12
24,102.00 kJ/mol   
16
12th Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
13
66,320.00 kJ/mol   
2
13th Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
10
73,010.00 kJ/mol   
2
14th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
12
80,160.00 kJ/mol   
3
15th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
89,490.00 kJ/mol   
4
16th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
2
97,400.00 kJ/mol   
5
17th Energy Level
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
105,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
18th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
4
117,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
19th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
5
124,270.00 kJ/mol   
8
20th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
21st Energy Level
157,700.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
22nd Energy Level
166,090.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.32 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.56 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV   
14
3.50 eV   
31
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
24   
99+
21   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s1   
[Ar] 3d1 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
24   
99+
21   
99+
Number of Neutrons
28   
99+
24   
99+
Number of Electrons
24   
99+
21   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm   
99+
162.00 pm   
26
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm   
99+
170.00 pm   
25
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
211.00 pm   
25
Atomic Weight
52.00 amu   
99+
44.96 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
7.23 cm3/mol   
99+
15.00 cm3/mol   
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Vanadium
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Manganese
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
170.00 (-eV)   
4
58.00 (-eV)   
24
Lattice Constant
291.00 pm   
99+
330.90 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.59   
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.19 g/cm3   
99+
2.99 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.30 g/cm3   
40
2.80 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
689.00 MPa   
7
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
24
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
774.00 (Pa)   
1
91.30 (Pa)   
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
115.00 GPa   
9
29.10 GPa   
24
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa   
11
56.60 GPa   
21
Young's Modulus
279.00 GPa   
8
74.40 GPa   
26
Poisson Ratio
0.21   
32
0.28   
18
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.19   
99+
2.99   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Antiferromagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
NA   
Conductor   
Resistivity
125.00 nΩ·m   
27
562.00 nΩ·m   
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω   
25
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
64.30 kJ/mol   
15
18.10 kJ/mol   
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.45 J/(kg K)   
12
0.60 J/(kg K)   
8
Molar Heat Capacity
23.35 J/mol·K   
99+
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
Thermal Conductivity
93.90 W/m·K   
17
15.80 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
4.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
10.20 µm/(m·K)   
39
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
348.80 kJ/mol   
24
314.20 kJ/mol   
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.31 kJ/mol   
20
14.10 kJ/mol   
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
397.50 kJ/mol   
21
343.00 kJ/mol   
28
Standard Molar Entropy
23.80 J/mol.K   
99+
34.60 J/mol.K   
99+
Summary >>
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