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Silver vs Cadmium

Silver
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Silver


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ag   
Cd   
Group Number
11   
7
12   
6
Period Number
5   
5   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440224   
99+
7440439   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • It is the most reflective element.
  • Silver is the second most ductile metal after Gold.
  • It is also used in Dentistry as a dental alloys for clips and crowning.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Ores of metals   
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown   
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Discovery
Before 5000 BC   
In 1817   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %   
26
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000006 %   
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
38
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
19
0.00 %   
28
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
11
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Silver is mainly used for Jewelry and show piece.
  • It is used for manufacturing high quality mirrors due to its reflectivity property.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
29
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
In Bone
0.44 p.p.m.   
20
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
Physical Properties
Melting Point
961.93 °C   
99+
320.90 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,212.00 °C   
99+
765.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50   
14
2.00   
16
Brinell Hardness
251.00 MPa   
37
203.00 MPa   
39
Vickers Hardness
229.00 MPa   
30
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s   
34
2,310.00 m/s   
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
97.00 %   
1
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ag   
Cd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
36   
3
34   
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.93   
9
1.69   
17
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.83   
11
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42   
18
1.46   
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.47   
15
1.53   
13
Allen Electronegativity
1.87   
7
1.52   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.07   
99+
2.31   
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol   
27
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
2nd Energy Level
2,070.00 kJ/mol   
11
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
3rd Energy Level
3,361.00 kJ/mol   
19
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
Electrochemical Equivalent
4.02 g/amp-hr   
7
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
Electron Work Function
4.26 eV   
20
4.22 eV   
22
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
47   
99+
48   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s1   
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Silver.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
47   
99+
48   
99+
Number of Neutrons
61   
99+
64   
99+
Number of Electrons
47   
99+
48   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
144.00 pm   
36
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
144.00 pm   
40
Van der Waals Radius
172.00 pm   
38
158.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
107.87 amu   
99+
112.41 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
10.30 cm3/mol   
99+
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Palladium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Cadmium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
11.40 (-eV)   
99+
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
408.53 pm   
20
297.94 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.89   
1
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
10.49 g/cm3   
35
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.32 g/cm3   
21
8.00 g/cm3   
28
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
62.00 MPa   
16
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
14
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa   
23
19.00 GPa   
35
Bulk Modulus
100.00 GPa   
16
42.00 GPa   
29
Young's Modulus
83.00 GPa   
23
50.00 GPa   
36
Poisson Ratio
0.37   
7
0.30   
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
10.50   
26
8.65   
36
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Susceptibility
0.00   
5
Not Available   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
15.87 nΩ·m   
99+
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.63 106/cm Ω   
1
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
Electron Affinity
125.60 kJ/mol   
5
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
25
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
Molar Heat Capacity
25.35 J/mol·K   
99+
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
Thermal Conductivity
429.00 W/m·K   
1
96.60 W/m·K   
16
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
18.90 µm/(m·K)   
23
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
255.10 kJ/mol   
37
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.30 kJ/mol   
31
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
284.50 kJ/mol   
37
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
42.60 J/mol.K   
35
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
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