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Cadmium vs Mercury

Cadmium
Mercury
Mercury vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd  
Hg  
Group Number
12  
6
12  
6
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440439  
99+
7439976  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
R_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
166.00  
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
  • A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
  • Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Ancient Chinese and Indians  
Discovery
In 1817  
Before 2000 BCE  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.09 %  
2
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
31
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.05 %  
9
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
28
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
12
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
  • It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
23
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
0.45 p.p.m.  
23
Physical
Melting Point
320.90 °C  
99+
-38.83 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
765.00 °C  
99+
356.58 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Liquid  
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00  
17
1.50  
19
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa  
99+
5.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
90.00 MPa  
99+
0.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
1,451.40 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.71  
26
1.00  
99+
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
16
73.00 %  
10
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cd  
Hg  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34  
5
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69  
18
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98  
11
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46  
16
1.44  
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53  
25
1.81  
17
Allen Electronegativity
1.52  
30
1.44  
34
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31  
37
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
4
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
1,810.00 kJ/mol  
21
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
20
4th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
100,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
16th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
24
18th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
20
20th Energy Level
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
11
21st Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
33
22nd Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
8
23rd Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
36
24th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
3
25th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
3
26th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
3
27th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
2
28th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
5
29th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
6
30th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
3.74 g/amp-hr  
10
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV  
29
4.49 eV  
20
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
48  
99+
80  
36
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Rhombohedral (RHO)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Mercury.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48  
99+
80  
36
Number of Neutrons
64  
99+
121  
23
Number of Electrons
48  
99+
80  
36
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm  
99+
132.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm  
99+
155.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu  
99+
200.59 amu  
32
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
14.82 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Gold
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Thallium
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
28.20 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm  
99+
300.50 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89  
2
0.42  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
13.53 g/cm3  
25
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
13.55 g/cm3  
27
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa  
34
15.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
13
0.00  
4
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa  
99+
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa  
34
25.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa  
39
45.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.44  
3
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65  
99+
13.53  
27
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
20
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
961.00 nΩ·m  
1
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
0.14 J/(kg K)  
39
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
27.98 J/mol·K  
16
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K  
16
8.30 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
594.00 K  
99+
1,750.00 K  
33
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
60.40 µm/(m·K)  
5
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
56.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
2.29 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
61.50 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
75.80 J/mol.K  
6
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