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Mercury vs Cadmium

Mercury
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Mercury


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hg   
Cd   
Group Number
12   
6
12   
6
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7439976   
99+
7440439   
99+
Space Group Name
R_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
166.00   
6
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
  • A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
  • Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Ancient Chinese and Indians   
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Discovery
Before 2000 BCE   
In 1817   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.0000006 %   
21
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.05 %   
9
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
28
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
11
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
  • It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
23
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
In Bone
0.45 p.p.m.   
19
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
Physical Properties
Melting Point
Not Available   
320.90 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
356.58 °C   
99+
765.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Liquid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
2.00   
16
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
203.00 MPa   
39
Speed of Sound
1,451.40 m/s   
99+
2,310.00 m/s   
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.00   
3
Not Available   
Reflectivity
73.00 %   
8
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hg   
Cd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34   
5
34   
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00   
7
1.69   
17
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20   
7
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.46   
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.81   
9
1.53   
13
Allen Electronegativity
1.44   
30
1.52   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00   
99+
2.31   
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol   
4
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
2nd Energy Level
1,810.00 kJ/mol   
20
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
3rd Energy Level
3,300.00 kJ/mol   
20
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.74 g/amp-hr   
10
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
Electron Work Function
4.49 eV   
15
4.22 eV   
22
Other Chemical Properties
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
80   
36
48   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2   
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Mercury.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
80   
36
48   
99+
Number of Neutrons
121   
22
64   
99+
Number of Electrons
80   
36
48   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm   
32
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm   
99+
144.00 pm   
40
Van der Waals Radius
155.00 pm   
99+
158.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
200.59 amu   
32
112.41 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
14.82 cm3/mol   
35
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Gold
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Thallium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
28.20 (-eV)   
99+
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
300.50 pm   
99+
297.94 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
NA   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.89   
1
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.53 g/cm3   
24
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
8.00 g/cm3   
28
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
62.00 MPa   
16
Viscosity
0.00   
1
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
19.00 GPa   
35
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
42.00 GPa   
29
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
50.00 GPa   
36
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.30   
14
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.53   
16
8.65   
36
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
961.00 nΩ·m   
1
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)   
38
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
Molar Heat Capacity
27.98 J/mol·K   
13
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
Thermal Conductivity
8.30 W/m·K   
99+
96.60 W/m·K   
16
Critical Temperature
1,750.00 K   
6
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
60.40 µm/(m·K)   
5
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
56.90 kJ/mol   
99+
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.29 kJ/mol   
99+
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
61.50 kJ/mol   
99+
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
75.80 J/mol.K   
6
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
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