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Mercury vs Cadmium

Mercury
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Mercury


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hg  
Cd  
Group Number
12  
6
12  
6
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7439976  
99+
7440439  
99+
Space Group Name
R_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
166.00  
9
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
  • A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
  • Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Ancient Chinese and Indians  
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Discovery
Before 2000 BCE  
In 1817  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.09 %  
2
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.05 %  
9
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
  • It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
23
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
In Bone
0.45 p.p.m.  
23
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
Physical
Melting Point
-38.83 °C  
99+
320.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
356.58 °C  
99+
765.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Liquid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
5.00 MPa  
99+
203.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
0.00 MPa  
99+
90.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
1,451.40 m/s  
99+
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.00  
99+
1.71  
26
Reflectivity
73.00 %  
10
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Hg  
Cd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34  
5
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00  
8
1.69  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44  
18
1.46  
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.81  
17
1.53  
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.44  
34
1.52  
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
2.31  
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
4
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
2nd Energy Level
1,810.00 kJ/mol  
21
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
20
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
4th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
7th Energy level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
9th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
10th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
11th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
12th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
13th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
14th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
15th Energy Level
100,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
17th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
24
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
18th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
19th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
20
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
20th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
11
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
21st Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
33
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
22nd Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
8
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
23rd Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
36
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
24th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
3
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
25th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
3
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
26th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
3
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
27th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
2
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
28th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
5
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
29th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
6
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
30th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
3
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.74 g/amp-hr  
10
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
Electron Work Function
4.49 eV  
20
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
80  
36
48  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Mercury.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
80  
36
48  
99+
Number of Neutrons
121  
23
64  
99+
Number of Electrons
80  
36
48  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm  
99+
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
155.00 pm  
99+
158.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
200.59 amu  
32
112.41 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
14.82 cm3/mol  
99+
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Gold
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Thallium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
28.20 (-eV)  
99+
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
300.50 pm  
99+
297.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
0.42  
99+
1.89  
2
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.53 g/cm3  
25
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.55 g/cm3  
27
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
15.00 MPa  
99+
62.00 MPa  
34
Viscosity
0.00  
4
0.00  
13
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
19.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
25.00 GPa  
99+
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
45.00 GPa  
99+
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.44  
3
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.53  
27
8.65  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
20
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
961.00 nΩ·m  
1
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)  
39
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
Molar Heat Capacity
27.98 J/mol·K  
16
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
Thermal Conductivity
8.30 W/m·K  
99+
96.60 W/m·K  
16
Critical Temperature
1,750.00 K  
33
594.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
60.40 µm/(m·K)  
5
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
56.90 kJ/mol  
99+
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.29 kJ/mol  
99+
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
61.50 kJ/mol  
99+
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
75.80 J/mol.K  
6
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
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