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Cadmium vs Zinc

Cadmium
Zinc
Zinc vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd   
Zn   
Group Number
12   
6
12   
6
Period Number
5   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440439   
99+
7440666   
24
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Indian metallurgists   
Discovery
In 1817   
Before 1000 BCE   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
3 * 10-5 %   
11
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000006 %   
21
~0.0002 %   
10
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
31
0.02 %   
12
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.01 %   
16
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
28
0.00 %   
10
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
11
0.00 %   
6
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
  • It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
7.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
6
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
170.00 p.p.m.   
6
Physical Properties
Melting Point
320.90 °C   
99+
419.58 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
765.00 °C   
99+
907.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Silvery Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00   
16
2.50   
14
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa   
39
327.00 MPa   
32
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s   
39
3,850.00 m/s   
18
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available   
1.00   
2
Reflectivity
67.00 %   
11
80.00 %   
5
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cd   
Zn   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34   
5
25   
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69   
17
1.65   
19
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98   
9
2.23   
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46   
15
1.66   
7
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53   
13
1.65   
11
Allen Electronegativity
1.52   
27
1.59   
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31   
37
2.35   
35
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
906.40 kJ/mol   
6
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
1,733.30 kJ/mol   
27
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
3,833.00 kJ/mol   
12
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
5,731.00 kJ/mol   
11
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,970.00 kJ/mol   
9
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
10,400.00 kJ/mol   
9
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,900.00 kJ/mol   
9
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
16,800.00 kJ/mol   
6
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
19,600.00 kJ/mol   
8
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
23,000.00 kJ/mol   
10
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,400.00 kJ/mol   
11
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
29,990.00 kJ/mol   
11
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
40,490.00 kJ/mol   
5
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
43,800.00 kJ/mol   
6
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
47,300.00 kJ/mol   
8
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
52,300.00 kJ/mol   
9
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
55,900.00 kJ/mol   
10
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
59,700.00 kJ/mol   
11
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
67,300.00 kJ/mol   
10
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
171,200.00 kJ/mol   
1
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
179,100.00 kJ/mol   
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
1.22 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV   
22
4.33 eV   
17
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
48   
99+
30   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
[Ar] 3d10 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zinc.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48   
99+
30   
99+
Number of Neutrons
64   
99+
35   
99+
Number of Electrons
48   
99+
30   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm   
32
134.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm   
40
122.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm   
99+
139.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu   
99+
65.38 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
9.20 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Copper
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Gallium
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
38.90 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm   
99+
266.49 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89   
1
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
7.14 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3   
28
6.57 g/cm3   
37
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa   
16
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa   
35
43.00 GPa   
18
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa   
29
70.00 GPa   
19
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa   
36
108.00 GPa   
19
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
0.25   
24
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65   
36
6.90   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
59.00 nΩ·m   
40
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
0.17 106/cm Ω   
12
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
0.39 J/(kg K)   
14
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
25.47 J/mol·K   
39
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K   
16
116.00 W/m·K   
14
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
30.20 µm/(m·K)   
11
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
7.32 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
7.32 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
129.70 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
41.60 J/mol.K   
36
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