Sodium

Cadmium

Sodium vs Cadmium

Sodium

Cadmium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

112

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

s block

d block

1.5 Element Family

Alkali

Transition Metal

1.6 CAS Number

74402357440439

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Im_ 3m

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

229.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

At room temperature Sodium metal is very soft as it can be chopped down into pieces with butter knife.
The most common compound of Sodium is NaCl (Salt).

Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.

Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.

It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.

It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.

2.2 Sources

By Electrolysis Process, Mining

Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Humphry Davy

Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1807

In 1817

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

2 * 10^-3 %2 * 10^-7 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.004 %~0.0000006 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.55 %0.00 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

2.30 %0.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

1.10 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

0.14 %0.00 %

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

In some nuclear reactors sodium is used as a heat exchanger.
Compound of Sodium metals called Salt (Sodium chloride) is used in Food.

It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Pharmaceutical Industry

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

1,970.00 Blood/mg dm-30.01 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

10,000.00 p.p.m.1.80 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

97.72 °C320.90 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

883.00 °C765.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silvery White

Silvery Bluish-Gray

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

0.502.00

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

0.69 MPa203.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

NANA

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

3,200.00 m/s2,310.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NA67.00 %

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

1734

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

0.931.69

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

0.561.98

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.011.46

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

0.911.53

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

0.871.52

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

3.072.31

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

495.80 kJ/mol867.80 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

4,562.00 kJ/mol1,631.40 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

6,910.30 kJ/mol3,616.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

9,543.00 kJ/molNA

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

13,354.00 kJ/molNA

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

16,613.00 kJ/molNA

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

20,117.00 kJ/molNA

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

25,496.00 kJ/molNA

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

28,932.00 kJ/molNA

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

141,362.00 kJ/molNA

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

159,076.00 kJ/molNA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

NANA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NANA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NANA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NANA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NANA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NANA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NANA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

0.86 g/amp-hr2.10 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

2.75 eV4.22 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility

Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

1148

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Ne] 3s¹

[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s²

6.3 Crystal Structure

Body Centered Cubic (BCC)

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

1148

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

1264

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

1148

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

186.00 pm151.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

166.00 pm144.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

227.00 pm158.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

22.99 amu112.41 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

23.70 cm3/mol13.10 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

14.10 (-eV)30.00 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

429.06 pm297.94 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NA1.89

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

0.97 g/cm³8.65 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

0.93 g/cm38.00 g/cm3

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

NA62.00 MPa

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NANA

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NANA

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

3.30 GPa19.00 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

6.30 GPa42.00 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

10.00 GPa50.00 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

NA0.30

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

0.978.65

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

Diamagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

Semiconductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

47.70 nΩ·m72.70 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.21 10⁶/cm Ω0.14 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

52.80 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

1.23 J/(kg K)0.23 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

28.23 J/mol·K26.02 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

142.00 W/m·K96.60 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

2,573.00 KNA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

71.00 µm/(m·K)30.80 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

89.04 kJ/mol100.00 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

2.59 kJ/mol6.19 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

108.40 kJ/mol113.00 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

51.30 J/mol.K51.80 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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