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Terbium vs Hafnium

Terbium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Terbium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tb   
Hf   
Group Number
Not Available   
4   
14
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440279   
99+
7440586   
30
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • At times Terbium metal acts same as Calcium.
  • Terbium metal closely similar to Lanthanum metal.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Found with Other Rare Earth Metals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
By-product Zirconium Refining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander   
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   
Discovery
In 1842   
In 1922   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-8 %   
27
7 * 10-8 %   
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000001 %   
29
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
40
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
27
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Terbium salts are used in optical devices like laser devices.
  • Terbium’s alloy lengthens and shortens the magnetic field and this effect forms loudspeaker.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Electronic Industry   
Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,356.00 °C   
33
2,150.00 °C   
10
Boiling Point
3,123.00 °C   
29
5,400.00 °C   
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
5.50   
7
Brinell Hardness
677.00 MPa   
17
1,450.00 MPa   
6
Vickers Hardness
863.00 MPa   
13
1,520.00 MPa   
5
Speed of Sound
2,620.00 m/s   
35
3,010.00 m/s   
27
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tb   
Hf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.10   
30
1.23   
25
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.16   
37
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Not Available   
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
603.40 kJ/mol   
99+
658.50 kJ/mol   
40
2nd Energy Level
1,174.80 kJ/mol   
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,417.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,203.00 kJ/mol   
31
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.98 g/amp-hr   
31
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.00 eV   
36
3.90 eV   
27
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
65   
99+
72   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f9 6s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Terbium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
65   
99+
72   
99+
Number of Neutrons
94   
36
106   
29
Number of Electrons
65   
99+
72   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
177.00 pm   
17
159.00 pm   
28
Covalent Radius
194.00 pm   
16
175.00 pm   
23
Van der Waals Radius
221.00 pm   
22
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
158.93 amu   
99+
178.49 amu   
39
Atomic Volume
19.20 cm3/mol   
22
13.60 cm3/mol   
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Gadolinium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Dysprosium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
46.80 (-eV)   
33
81.00 (-eV)   
16
Lattice Constant
360.10 pm   
36
319.64 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
13
1.58   
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.23 g/cm3   
99+
13.31 g/cm3   
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.65 g/cm3   
30
12.00 g/cm3   
12
Tensile Strength
60.00 MPa   
17
445.00 MPa   
8
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
29
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
12.50 (Pa)   
8
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
22.10 GPa   
32
30.00 GPa   
23
Bulk Modulus
38.70 GPa   
33
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
55.70 GPa   
34
78.00 GPa   
25
Poisson Ratio
0.26   
21
0.37   
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.23   
39
13.31   
18
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
1.15 nΩ·m   
99+
331.00 nΩ·m   
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37
Molar Heat Capacity
28.91 J/mol·K   
9
25.73 J/mol·K   
36
Thermal Conductivity
11.10 W/m·K   
99+
23.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
10.30 µm/(m·K)   
38
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
330.90 kJ/mol   
26
661.10 kJ/mol   
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.80 kJ/mol   
34
25.10 kJ/mol   
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol   
33
703.00 kJ/mol   
5
Standard Molar Entropy
73.20 J/mol.K   
10
43.60 J/mol.K   
34
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