Thallium Holmium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl
Ho
Group Number
13
5
Not Available
Period Number
6
6
Block
p block
f block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440280
99+
7440600
29
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
- Holmium metal is very soft and malleable.
- Holmium metal is well known for its corrosion resistivity.
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
William Crookes
Marc Delafontaine
Discovery
In 1861
In 1878
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %
32
5 * 10-8 %
27
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~-9999 %
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
38
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
34
0.00 %
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
- Holmium metal has an ability to absorb neutrons, so this metal is used in nuclear reactors to keep the chain reactions of elements under control.
- Alloys of Holmium are used to produce Magnet.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
NA
Medical Uses
Medical Research
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Nuclear Research
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
34
Not Available
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
33
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C
99+
1,461.00 °C
30
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C
99+
2,600.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.20
20
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa
99+
746.00 MPa
13
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
481.00 MPa
23
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s
99+
2,760.00 m/s
30
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl
Ho
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
34
5
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62
21
1.23
37
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25
5
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44
17
1.10
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96
6
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.79
13
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38
33
2.77
17
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol
99+
581.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol
14
1,140.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol
32
2,204.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
4,100.00 kJ/mol
34
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr
2
2.02 g/amp-hr
29
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV
28
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81
35
67
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
[Xe] 4f11 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Holmium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
81
35
67
99+
Number of Neutrons
123
20
98
34
Number of Electrons
81
35
67
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm
22
176.00 pm
18
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm
39
192.00 pm
17
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm
30
216.00 pm
24
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu
31
164.93 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol
31
18.70 cm3/mol
24
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)
99+
47.90 (-eV)
31
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm
99+
357.73 pm
38
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60
6
1.57
17
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3
31
8.79 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3
13
8.34 g/cm3
26
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)
5
0.00 (Pa)
16
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa
99+
26.30 GPa
28
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa
28
40.20 GPa
32
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa
99+
64.80 GPa
31
Poisson Ratio
0.45
2
0.23
29
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile
Ductile, Malleable, Sectile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.85
22
8.80
35
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m
99+
814.00 nΩ·m
4
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω
32
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol
32
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K
29
27.15 J/mol·K
19
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K
33
16.20 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)
12
11.20 µm/(m·K)
35
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol
99+
241.00 kJ/mol
38
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol
99+
11.76 kJ/mol
29
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol
99+
301.00 kJ/mol
36
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K
19
75.30 J/mol.K
8
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