Thallium Protactinium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl
Pa
Group Number
13
5
Not Available
Period Number
6
7
Block
p block
f block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Actinide
CAS Number
7440280
99+
7440133
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
I4/mmm
Space Group Number
194.00
5
139.00
8
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
- Protactinium metal has 29 isotopes.
- Isotopes of Protactinium-231 used in nuclear weapon.
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found in Uranium Ores, Mining, Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
William Crookes
William Crookes
Discovery
In 1861
In 1900
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %
32
Not Available
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~-9999 %
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
Not Available
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
34
0.00 %
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
- Currently known uses of Protactinium metal are limited to research purpose only.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
NA
Medical Uses
Medical Research
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
NA
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
34
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
33
0.00 p.p.m.
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C
99+
1,568.00 °C
21
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C
99+
4,027.00 °C
12
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silver
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.20
20
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa
99+
Not Available
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s
99+
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl
Pa
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
27
12
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62
21
1.50
27
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25
5
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44
17
1.14
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96
6
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.79
13
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38
33
2.50
27
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol
99+
568.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol
14
1,128.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol
32
1,814.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
2,991.00 kJ/mol
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr
2
1.72 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV
28
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81
35
91
27
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
[Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Tetragonal (TETR)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Protactinium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
81
35
91
27
Number of Neutrons
123
20
122
21
Number of Electrons
81
35
91
27
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm
22
163.00 pm
25
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm
39
200.00 pm
11
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm
30
243.00 pm
11
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu
31
231.04 amu
24
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol
31
15.00 cm3/mol
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)
99+
92.00 (-eV)
11
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm
99+
392.50 pm
23
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60
6
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3
31
15.37 g/cm3
20
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3
13
Not Available
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)
5
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa
99+
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa
28
Not Available
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa
99+
Not Available
Poisson Ratio
0.45
2
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile
Unknown
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.85
22
15.37
12
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m
99+
177.00 nΩ·m
21
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω
32
0.05 106/cm Ω
34
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol
32
Not Available
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K
29
Not Available
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K
33
47.00 W/m·K
32
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)
12
9.90 µm/(m·K)
40
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol
99+
12.34 kJ/mol
28
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K
19
198.10 J/mol.K
1
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