Thallium Rubidium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl
Rb
Group Number
13
5
1
17
Period Number
6
5
Block
p block
s block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Alkali
CAS Number
7440280
99+
7440177
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
- Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
- Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Obtained from Lithium Production.
History
Who Discovered
William Crookes
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
Discovery
In 1861
In 1861
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %
32
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.000003 %
17
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.01 %
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
34
0.00 %
7
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
7
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
- Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
- Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
NA
Medical Uses
Medical Research
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
34
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3
7
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
33
5.00 p.p.m.
13
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C
99+
38.89 °C
99+
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C
99+
688.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Grayish White
Luster
NA
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.20
20
0.30
24
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa
99+
0.22 MPa
99+
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s
99+
1,300.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl
Rb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
29
10
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62
21
0.82
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25
5
0.31
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44
17
0.89
40
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96
6
0.69
24
Allen Electronegativity
1.79
13
0.71
99+
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38
33
3.18
3
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol
99+
403.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol
14
2,633.00 kJ/mol
6
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol
32
3,860.00 kJ/mol
11
4th Energy Level
Not Available
5,080.00 kJ/mol
18
5th Energy Level
Not Available
6,850.00 kJ/mol
19
6th Energy Level
Not Available
8,140.00 kJ/mol
20
7th Energy level
Not Available
9,570.00 kJ/mol
20
8th Energy Level
Not Available
13,120.00 kJ/mol
17
9th Energy Level
Not Available
14,500.00 kJ/mol
18
10th Energy Level
Not Available
26,740.00 kJ/mol
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr
2
3.19 g/amp-hr
14
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV
28
2.16 eV
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81
35
37
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
[Kr] 5s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
81
35
37
99+
Number of Neutrons
123
20
48
99+
Number of Electrons
81
35
37
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm
22
248.00 pm
2
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm
39
220.00 pm
4
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm
30
303.00 pm
3
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu
31
85.47 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol
31
55.90 cm3/mol
2
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)
99+
9.47 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm
99+
558.50 pm
10
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60
6
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3
31
1.53 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3
13
1.46 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)
5
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa
99+
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa
28
2.50 GPa
99+
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa
99+
2.40 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.45
2
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.85
22
1.53
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m
99+
128.00 nΩ·m
26
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω
32
0.08 106/cm Ω
24
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol
32
46.90 kJ/mol
24
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
0.36 J/(kg K)
17
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K
29
31.06 J/mol·K
5
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K
33
58.20 W/m·K
26
Critical Temperature
Not Available
2,093.00 K
4
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)
12
90.00 µm/(m·K)
2
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol
99+
69.20 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol
99+
2.19 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol
99+
82.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K
19
76.80 J/mol.K
5
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