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Thallium vs Rubidium

Thallium
Rubidium
Rubidium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl  
Rb  
Group Number
13  
5
1  
17
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
p block  
s block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Alkali  
CAS Number
7440280  
99+
7440177  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Obtained from Lithium Production.  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes  
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff  
Discovery
In 1861  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
33
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
7
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
8
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3  
7
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
5.00 p.p.m.  
13
Physical
Melting Point
303.50 °C  
99+
38.89 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C  
99+
688.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Grayish White  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20  
21
0.30  
26
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa  
99+
0.22 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
120.00 MPa  
99+
0.22 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s  
99+
1,300.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
1.54  
35
Reflectivity
8.00 %  
37
52.00 %  
29
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tl  
Rb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62  
22
0.82  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25  
6
0.31  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44  
18
0.89  
99+
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96  
11
0.69  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.79  
16
0.71  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38  
33
3.18  
3
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
2,633.00 kJ/mol  
6
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
3,860.00 kJ/mol  
11
4th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,080.00 kJ/mol  
28
5th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,850.00 kJ/mol  
31
6th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,140.00 kJ/mol  
31
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9,570.00 kJ/mol  
20
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13,120.00 kJ/mol  
17
9th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14,500.00 kJ/mol  
18
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26,740.00 kJ/mol  
6
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
3.19 g/amp-hr  
16
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV  
39
2.16 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
81  
35
37  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
[Kr] 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81  
35
37  
99+
Number of Neutrons
123  
21
48  
99+
Number of Electrons
81  
35
37  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
248.00 pm  
3
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm  
99+
220.00 pm  
4
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm  
37
303.00 pm  
4
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu  
31
85.47 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
55.90 cm3/mol  
3
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Gallium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Strontium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
9.47 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm  
99+
558.50 pm  
11
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
23
1.59  
28
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3  
33
1.53 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3  
33
1.46 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
47.00 MPa  
39
30.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)  
5
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
0.00 (Pa)  
35
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa  
99+
2.50 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa  
33
2.50 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa  
99+
2.40 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.45  
2
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85  
35
1.53  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
11
Susceptibility
0.00  
28
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
128.00 nΩ·m  
26
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
0.08 106/cm Ω  
29
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
46.90 kJ/mol  
29
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.36 J/(kg K)  
17
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
31.06 J/mol·K  
7
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K  
33
58.20 W/m·K  
26
Critical Temperature
577.00 K  
99+
2,093.00 K  
18
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
90.00 µm/(m·K)  
2
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
69.20 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
2.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
82.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
76.80 J/mol.K  
5
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