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Thallium vs Rubidium

Thallium
Rubidium
Rubidium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl   
Rb   
Group Number
13   
5
1   
17
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
p block   
s block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Alkali   
CAS Number
7440280   
99+
7440177   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Obtained from Lithium Production.   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes   
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff   
Discovery
In 1861   
In 1861   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %   
32
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.000003 %   
17
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.01 %   
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
7
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
7
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3   
7
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
5.00 p.p.m.   
13
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C   
99+
38.89 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C   
99+
688.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Grayish White   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
0.30   
24
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa   
99+
0.22 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s   
99+
1,300.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl   
Rb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62   
21
0.82   
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25   
5
0.31   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
0.89   
40
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96   
6
0.69   
24
Allen Electronegativity
1.79   
13
0.71   
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38   
33
3.18   
3
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
403.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
2,633.00 kJ/mol   
6
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
3,860.00 kJ/mol   
11
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
5,080.00 kJ/mol   
18
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,850.00 kJ/mol   
19
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,140.00 kJ/mol   
20
7th Energy level
Not Available   
9,570.00 kJ/mol   
20
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
13,120.00 kJ/mol   
17
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
14,500.00 kJ/mol   
18
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,740.00 kJ/mol   
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
3.19 g/amp-hr   
14
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV   
28
2.16 eV   
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81   
35
37   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
[Kr] 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81   
35
37   
99+
Number of Neutrons
123   
20
48   
99+
Number of Electrons
81   
35
37   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
248.00 pm   
2
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
220.00 pm   
4
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm   
30
303.00 pm   
3
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu   
31
85.47 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
55.90 cm3/mol   
2
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Gallium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Strontium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
9.47 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm   
99+
558.50 pm   
10
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60   
6
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3   
31
1.53 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3   
13
1.46 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa   
99+
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa   
28
2.50 GPa   
99+
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa   
99+
2.40 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.45   
2
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85   
22
1.53   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
128.00 nΩ·m   
26
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
0.08 106/cm Ω   
24
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
46.90 kJ/mol   
24
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.36 J/(kg K)   
17
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
31.06 J/mol·K   
5
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K   
33
58.20 W/m·K   
26
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
2,093.00 K   
4
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
90.00 µm/(m·K)   
2
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
69.20 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
2.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
82.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
76.80 J/mol.K   
5
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