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Thallium vs Aluminium

Thallium
Aluminium
Aluminium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl   
Al   
Group Number
13   
5
13   
5
Period Number
6   
3   
Block
p block   
p block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440280   
99+
7429905   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Aluminum’s abundance percentage is more as it is found in more than 260 minerals.
  • Pure Aluminum always reacts with oxygen rapidly.
  • It is a good conductor of heat and electricity and used in transmission lines.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
By Electrolysis Process, Earth's crust, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes   
Hans Christian Oersted   
Discovery
In 1861   
In 1825   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %   
32
5 * 10-3 %   
5
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.006 %   
5
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.91 %   
5
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
8.10 %   
1
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
6
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
10
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Aluminum is used in a various products; for example, cans, foils, kitchen utensils, window frames, beer kegs and aero plane parts, automobile parts, etc.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
0.39 Blood/mg dm-3   
9
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
27.00 p.p.m.   
11
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C   
99+
660.37 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C   
99+
2,467.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery Gray   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
2.75   
13
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa   
99+
160.00 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
160.00 MPa   
35
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s   
99+
5,000.00 m/s   
10
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
71.00 %   
10
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl   
Al   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
11   
27
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62   
21
1.61   
22
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25   
5
1.71   
13
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.47   
14
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96   
6
1.83   
8
Allen Electronegativity
1.79   
13
1.61   
20
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38   
33
2.39   
32
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
577.50 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
1,816.70 kJ/mol   
19
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
2,744.80 kJ/mol   
38
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
11,577.00 kJ/mol   
3
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
14,842.00 kJ/mol   
2
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
18,379.00 kJ/mol   
2
7th Energy level
Not Available   
23,326.00 kJ/mol   
2
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
27,465.00 kJ/mol   
2
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
31,853.00 kJ/mol   
2
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
38,473.00 kJ/mol   
4
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
42,647.00 kJ/mol   
5
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
0.34 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV   
28
4.28 eV   
19
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81   
35
13   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
[Ne] 3s2 3p1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Aluminium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81   
35
13   
99+
Number of Neutrons
123   
20
14   
99+
Number of Electrons
81   
35
13   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
143.00 pm   
37
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
121.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm   
30
184.00 pm   
34
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu   
31
26.98 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
10.00 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Magnesium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Potassium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
80.70 (-eV)   
17
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm   
99+
404.95 pm   
22
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60   
6
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3   
31
2.70 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3   
13
2.38 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
40.00 MPa   
19
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)   
5
0.00 (Pa)   
18
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa   
99+
26.00 GPa   
29
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa   
28
76.00 GPa   
18
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa   
99+
70.00 GPa   
28
Poisson Ratio
0.45   
2
0.35   
9
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85   
22
2.72   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Permeability
Not Available   
0.00 H/m   
4
Susceptibility
Not Available   
0.00   
3
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
28.20 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
0.38 106/cm Ω   
4
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
42.50 kJ/mol   
26
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.90 J/(kg K)   
5
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
24.20 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K   
33
237.00 W/m·K   
4
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
23.10 µm/(m·K)   
17
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
293.70 kJ/mol   
31
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
10.67 kJ/mol   
35
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
322.20 kJ/mol   
31
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
28.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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