Thallium vs Barium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl
Ba
Group Number
13
5
2
16
Period Number
6
6
Block
p block
s block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Alkaline Earth
CAS Number
7440280
99+
7440393
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
- Barium oxidizes very easily in the air.
- All toxic compounds of Barium can easily dissolve in water.
- Barium carbonate is used to produce a Rat poison and its other compound Barium nitrate is used in fireworks to produce green color.
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
William Crookes
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
Discovery
In 1861
In 1772
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %
32
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.000001 %
18
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
20
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.03 %
11
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
34
0.00 %
8
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
- It is sued in chemical paint manufacturing and glass manufacturing.
- Compounds of this metal are toxic; but still the barium sulfate is insoluble and given to patients suffering from digestive disorder.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Medical Research
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
34
0.07 Blood/mg dm-3
15
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
33
70.00 p.p.m.
9
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C
99+
725.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C
99+
1,140.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery Gray
Luster
NA
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.20
20
1.25
19
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa
99+
Not Available
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s
99+
1,620.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl
Ba
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
37
2
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62
21
0.89
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25
5
0.68
28
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44
17
0.97
38
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96
6
0.88
22
Allen Electronegativity
1.79
13
0.88
99+
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38
33
3.11
4
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol
99+
502.90 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol
14
965.20 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol
32
3,600.00 kJ/mol
14
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr
2
2.56 g/amp-hr
20
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV
28
2.70 eV
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81
35
56
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
[Xe] 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
81
35
56
99+
Number of Neutrons
123
20
81
99+
Number of Electrons
81
35
56
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm
22
222.00 pm
4
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm
39
215.00 pm
5
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm
30
268.00 pm
6
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu
31
137.33 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol
31
39.24 cm3/mol
5
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)
99+
21.30 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm
99+
502.80 pm
15
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60
6
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3
31
3.51 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3
13
3.34 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)
5
7.11 (Pa)
6
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa
99+
4.90 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa
28
9.60 GPa
99+
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa
99+
13.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.45
2
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.85
22
3.62
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Superconductor
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m
99+
332.00 nΩ·m
13
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω
32
0.03 106/cm Ω
40
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol
32
13.95 kJ/mol
36
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
0.20 J/(kg K)
30
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K
29
28.07 J/mol·K
12
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K
33
18.40 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)
12
20.60 µm/(m·K)
22
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol
99+
140.00 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol
99+
7.66 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol
99+
175.70 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K
19
62.50 J/mol.K
20
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