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Barium vs Thallium

Barium
Thallium
Thallium vs Barium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ba  
Tl  
Group Number
2  
16
13  
5
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
s block  
p block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440393  
99+
7440280  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
1
194.00  
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Barium oxidizes very easily in the air.
  • All toxic compounds of Barium can easily dissolve in water.
  • Barium carbonate is used to produce a Rat poison and its other compound Barium nitrate is used in fireworks to produce green color.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Wilhelm Scheele  
William Crookes  
Discovery
In 1772  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %  
16
5 * 10-9 %  
32
Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %  
18
~0.0000001 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.03 %  
11
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
12
Not Available  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is sued in chemical paint manufacturing and glass manufacturing.
  • Compounds of this metal are toxic; but still the barium sulfate is insoluble and given to patients suffering from digestive disorder.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
NA  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.07 Blood/mg dm-3  
15
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
34
In Bone
70.00 p.p.m.  
9
0.00 p.p.m.  
33
Physical Properties
Melting Point
725.00 °C  
99+
303.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,140.00 °C  
99+
1,457.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
NA  
NA  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.25  
19
1.20  
20
Brinell Hardness
Not Available  
26.50 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
1,620.00 m/s  
99+
818.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ba  
Tl  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
37  
2
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.89  
99+
1.62  
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.68  
28
2.25  
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.97  
38
1.44  
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.88  
22
1.96  
6
Allen Electronegativity
0.88  
99+
1.79  
13
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.11  
4
2.38  
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
965.20 kJ/mol  
99+
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
3rd Energy Level
3,600.00 kJ/mol  
14
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.56 g/amp-hr  
20
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
Electron Work Function
2.70 eV  
99+
3.84 eV  
28
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
56  
99+
81  
35
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
56  
99+
81  
35
Number of Neutrons
81  
99+
123  
20
Number of Electrons
56  
99+
81  
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
222.00 pm  
4
170.00 pm  
22
Covalent Radius
215.00 pm  
5
145.00 pm  
39
Van der Waals Radius
268.00 pm  
6
196.00 pm  
30
Atomic Weight
137.33 amu  
99+
204.38 amu  
31
Atomic Volume
39.24 cm3/mol  
5
17.20 cm3/mol  
31
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cesium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Lanthanum
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
21.30 (-eV)  
99+
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
502.80 pm  
15
345.66 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
1.60  
6
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
3.51 g/cm3  
99+
11.85 g/cm3  
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
3.34 g/cm3  
99+
11.22 g/cm3  
13
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.11 (Pa)  
6
16.90 (Pa)  
5
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
4.90 GPa  
99+
2.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
9.60 GPa  
99+
43.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
13.00 GPa  
99+
8.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
Not Available  
0.45  
2
Other Mechanical Properties
NA  
Ductile, Sectile  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
3.62  
99+
11.85  
22
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
332.00 nΩ·m  
13
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω  
40
0.06 106/cm Ω  
32
Electron Affinity
13.95 kJ/mol  
36
19.20 kJ/mol  
32
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.20 J/(kg K)  
30
0.13 J/(kg K)  
39
Molar Heat Capacity
28.07 J/mol·K  
12
26.32 J/mol·K  
29
Thermal Conductivity
18.40 W/m·K  
99+
46.10 W/m·K  
33
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
20.60 µm/(m·K)  
22
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
140.00 kJ/mol  
99+
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.66 kJ/mol  
99+
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
175.70 kJ/mol  
99+
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
62.50 J/mol.K  
20
64.20 J/mol.K  
19
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