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Thallium vs Cobalt

Thallium
Cobalt
Cobalt vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl   
Co   
Group Number
13   
5
9   
9
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440280   
99+
7440484   
38
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes   
Georg Brandt   
Discovery
In 1861   
In 1732   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %   
32
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.06 %   
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
21
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
20
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3   
18
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
0.04 p.p.m.   
27
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C   
99+
1,495.00 °C   
29
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C   
99+
2,870.00 °C   
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gray   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
5.00   
8
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa   
99+
470.00 MPa   
26
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,043.00 MPa   
11
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s   
99+
4,720.00 m/s   
14
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
Yes   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
α-Cobalt   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
β-Cobalt   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl   
Co   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
26   
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62   
21
1.88   
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25   
5
2.56   
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.70   
5
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96   
6
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.79   
13
1.84   
10
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38   
33
2.12   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
760.40 kJ/mol   
19
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
1,648.00 kJ/mol   
31
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
3,232.00 kJ/mol   
22
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,950.00 kJ/mol   
19
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,670.00 kJ/mol   
12
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
9,840.00 kJ/mol   
12
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,440.00 kJ/mol   
11
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,230.00 kJ/mol   
12
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
17,959.00 kJ/mol   
13
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,570.00 kJ/mol   
7
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
29,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
32,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
36,600.00 kJ/mol   
8
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
39,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
42,800.00 kJ/mol   
12
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
49,396.00 kJ/mol   
11
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
52,737.00 kJ/mol   
13
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,810.00 kJ/mol   
1
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
145,170.00 kJ/mol   
2
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
154,700.00 kJ/mol   
4
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
167,400.00 kJ/mol   
4
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
178,100.00 kJ/mol   
3
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
189,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV   
28
5.00 eV   
5
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Ionization   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81   
35
22   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
[Ar] 3d2 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81   
35
22   
99+
Number of Neutrons
123   
20
26   
99+
Number of Electrons
81   
35
22   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
147.00 pm   
34
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
160.00 pm   
30
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm   
30
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu   
31
47.87 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
10.64 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Iron
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Nickel
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
95.20 (-eV)   
10
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm   
99+
295.08 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60   
6
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3   
31
4.51 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3   
13
4.11 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
434.00 MPa   
9
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.98 (Pa)   
14
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa   
99+
44.00 GPa   
17
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa   
28
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa   
99+
116.00 GPa   
18
Poisson Ratio
0.45   
2
0.32   
12
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85   
22
4,500.00   
1
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Poor Conductor   
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
420.00 nΩ·m   
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
7.60 kJ/mol   
37
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.52 J/(kg K)   
9
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
25.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K   
33
21.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
8.60 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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