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Thallium vs Promethium

Thallium
Promethium
Promethium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl  
Pm  
Group Number
13  
5
3  
15
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
p block  
f block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440280  
99+
7440122  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes  
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe  
Discovery
In 1861  
In 1942  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
33
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
303.50 °C  
99+
1,042.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C  
99+
3,000.00 °C  
32
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
-  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20  
21
-  
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa  
99+
400.00 MPa  
34
Vickers Hardness
120.00 MPa  
99+
600.00 MPa  
28
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s  
99+
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
1.70  
27
Reflectivity
8.00 %  
37
63.00 %  
20
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tl  
Pm  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
27  
12
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62  
22
1.13  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25  
6
1.13  
36
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44  
18
1.07  
33
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96  
11
1.13  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.79  
16
1.13  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38  
33
2.20  
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
2,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
3,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
540.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
1.80 g/amp-hr  
40
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV  
39
5.30 eV  
5
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
81  
35
61  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
[Xe] 4f5 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81  
35
61  
99+
Number of Neutrons
123  
21
84  
99+
Number of Electrons
81  
35
61  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
183.00 pm  
12
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm  
99+
199.00 pm  
12
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm  
37
236.00 pm  
20
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu  
31
145.00 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
22.39 cm3/mol  
21
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Neodymium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Samarium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
44.10 (-eV)  
40
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm  
99+
-  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
23
1.63  
14
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3  
33
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3  
33
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
47.00 MPa  
39
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)  
5
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
0.00 (Pa)  
31
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa  
99+
18.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa  
33
33.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.45  
2
0.28  
17
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85  
35
7.26  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
11
Susceptibility
0.00  
28
0.00  
25
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
0.75 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.18 J/(kg K)  
34
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
27.60 J/mol·K  
20
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K  
33
17.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
577.00 K  
99+
1,315.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
9.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
289.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
7.50 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
57.00 J/mol.K  
30
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