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Promethium vs Thallium

Promethium
Thallium
Thallium vs Promethium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pm  
Tl  
Group Number
3  
15
13  
5
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
p block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440122  
99+
7440280  
99+
Space Group Name
-  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe  
William Crookes  
Discovery
In 1942  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
Physical
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C  
99+
303.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C  
32
1,457.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
-  
1.20  
21
Brinell Hardness
400.00 MPa  
34
26.50 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
600.00 MPa  
28
120.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
818.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.70  
27
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
63.00 %  
20
8.00 %  
37
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pm  
Tl  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27  
12
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.62  
22
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.13  
36
2.25  
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07  
33
1.44  
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.96  
11
Allen Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.79  
16
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.20  
39
2.38  
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
5th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
15th Energy Level
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
17th Energy Level
540.50 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr  
40
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
Electron Work Function
5.30 eV  
5
3.84 eV  
39
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
61  
99+
81  
35
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
61  
99+
81  
35
Number of Neutrons
84  
99+
123  
21
Number of Electrons
61  
99+
81  
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
183.00 pm  
12
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
199.00 pm  
12
145.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm  
20
196.00 pm  
37
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu  
99+
204.38 amu  
31
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol  
21
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neodymium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Samarium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)  
40
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
-  
345.66 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.63  
14
1.60  
23
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
11.85 g/cm3  
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
11.22 g/cm3  
33
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa  
30
47.00 MPa  
39
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
16.90 (Pa)  
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
31
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa  
99+
2.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa  
99+
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
8.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
17
0.45  
2
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.26  
99+
11.85  
35
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
25
0.00  
28
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m  
99+
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)  
34
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
27.60 J/mol·K  
20
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K  
99+
46.10 W/m·K  
33
Critical Temperature
1,315.00 K  
99+
577.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
289.00 kJ/mol  
99+
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol  
99+
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
57.00 J/mol.K  
30
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
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