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Thallium vs Ytterbium

Thallium
Ytterbium
Ytterbium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl   
Yb   
Group Number
13   
5
Not Available   
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
p block   
f block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440280   
99+
7440644   
26
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Ytterbium metal oxidizes rapidly if exposed to air.
  • Ytterbium metal can dissolve quickly in Mineral acid.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes   
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac   
Discovery
In 1861   
In 1878   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %   
32
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
36
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
33
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
37
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Ytterbium metal is used in memory devices and tuneable laser.
  • It is also used as industrial catalyst as the other catalysts are too toxic and polluting.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
Not Available   
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C   
99+
824.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C   
99+
1,196.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery White   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa   
99+
343.00 MPa   
31
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
206.00 MPa   
33
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s   
99+
1,590.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl   
Yb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
30   
9
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62   
21
Not Available   
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25   
5
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.06   
33
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96   
6
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.79   
13
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38   
33
Not Available   
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
603.40 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
1,174.80 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
2,417.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,203.00 kJ/mol   
31
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
2.15 g/amp-hr   
25
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV   
28
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81   
35
70   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
[Xe] 4f14 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Ytterbium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81   
35
70   
99+
Number of Neutrons
123   
20
103   
31
Number of Electrons
81   
35
70   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
176.00 pm   
18
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
187.00 pm   
20
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm   
30
242.00 pm   
12
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu   
31
173.05 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
24.79 cm3/mol   
9
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Thulium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Lutetium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
50.30 (-eV)   
27
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm   
99+
548.47 pm   
11
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60   
6
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3   
31
6.90 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3   
13
6.21 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
58.00 MPa   
18
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa   
99+
9.90 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa   
28
30.50 GPa   
39
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa   
99+
23.90 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.45   
2
0.21   
33
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85   
22
6.97   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
0.25 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
0.04 106/cm Ω   
38
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.15 J/(kg K)   
36
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
26.74 J/mol·K   
25
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K   
33
38.50 W/m·K   
35
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
26.30 K   
7
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
26.30 µm/(m·K)   
14
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
128.90 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
7.66 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
180.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
59.90 J/mol.K   
21
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