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Thorium Gold Comparison

Thorium
Gold
Gold Thorium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th  
Au  
Group Number
0  
18
11  
7
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440326  
99+
7440575  
31
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
-  
Discovery
In 1829  
Before 6000 BCE  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %  
11
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %  
7
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
21
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
38
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
0.02 p.p.m.  
35
Physical
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C  
17
1,064.43 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C  
8
2,807.00 °C  
37
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Gold  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa  
35
194.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa  
99+
216.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
2,030.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.60  
33
0.47  
99+
Reflectivity
15.00 %  
36
95.00 %  
2
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Th  
Au  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28  
11
36  
3
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
2.54  
2
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.50  
18
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.87  
15
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.92  
7
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
1.46  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
12
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,856.00 kJ/mol  
33
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
6
6th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
24
7th Energy level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
8th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
20
9th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
20
10th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
11th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
19
12th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
39
13th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
14
14th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
89,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
16th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
25
18th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
14
19th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
23
20th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.00 kJ/mol  
13
21st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
35
22nd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.00 kJ/mol  
11
23rd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
38
24th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
6
25th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.00 kJ/mol  
5
26th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
27th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
4
28th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
7
29th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
30th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
2.45 g/amp-hr  
25
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV  
99+
5.10 eV  
8
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
90  
28
79  
37
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90  
28
79  
37
Number of Neutrons
142  
16
118  
24
Number of Electrons
90  
28
79  
37
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm  
17
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm  
7
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
19
166.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu  
23
196.97 amu  
33
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
10.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Platinum
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Mercury
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)  
24
43.40 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm  
16
407.82 pm  
24
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.10  
99+
1.61  
18
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3  
34
19.30 g/cm3  
15
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.72 g/cm3  
32
17.31 g/cm3  
16
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa  
30
120.00 MPa  
27
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
67.00 (Pa)  
4
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa  
25
27.00 GPa  
34
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa  
23
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
26
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.27  
20
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70  
36
19.32  
17
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
22
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
2.20 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
0.45 106/cm Ω  
3
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
25.42 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K  
28
318.00 W/m·K  
3
Critical Temperature
2,023.00 K  
20
1,337.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
14.20 µm/(m·K)  
29
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
324.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
12.55 kJ/mol  
33
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
364.00 kJ/mol  
34
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
47.40 J/mol.K  
99+
Summary >>
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