Thorium Gold Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Th
Au
Group Number
0
18
11
7
Period Number
7
6
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Actinide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440326
99+
7440575
31
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
- It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
- It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
- Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Unknown
Discovery
In 1829
Before 6000 BCE
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %
9
6 * 10-8 %
26
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %
9
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %
11
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %
7
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
15
0.00 %
21
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
18
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
- Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
- It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
35
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
29
0.02 p.p.m.
30
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C
17
1,064.43 °C
99+
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C
8
2,807.00 °C
36
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Gold
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.00
12
2.50
14
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa
29
194.00 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa
29
216.00 MPa
31
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s
36
2,030.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
95.00 %
2
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th
Au
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
28
11
36
3
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
2.54
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.42
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.87
7
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.92
5
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
1.46
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
890.10 kJ/mol
8
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,980.00 kJ/mol
12
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
2.45 g/amp-hr
21
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV
32
5.10 eV
4
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90
28
79
37
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
90
28
79
37
Number of Neutrons
142
15
118
23
Number of Electrons
90
28
79
37
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm
15
151.00 pm
32
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm
7
144.00 pm
40
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm
15
166.00 pm
39
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu
23
196.97 amu
33
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol
20
10.20 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)
23
43.40 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm
14
407.82 pm
21
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.61
4
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3
32
19.30 g/cm3
15
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
17.31 g/cm3
6
Tensile Strength
Not Available
120.00 MPa
15
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
23
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
22
67.00 (Pa)
4
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa
21
27.00 GPa
27
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa
22
180.00 GPa
9
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa
24
79.00 GPa
24
Poisson Ratio
0.27
20
0.40
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.70
23
19.32
8
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Superconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m
22
2.20 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
0.45 106/cm Ω
3
Electron Affinity
Not Available
222.80 kJ/mol
1
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K
30
25.42 J/mol·K
40
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K
28
318.00 W/m·K
3
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
14.20 µm/(m·K)
26
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol
15
324.40 kJ/mol
27
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol
19
12.55 kJ/mol
27
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol
15
364.00 kJ/mol
25
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
47.40 J/mol.K
32
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