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Gold Thorium Comparison

Gold
Thorium
Thorium Gold comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Au   
Th   
Group Number
11   
7
0   
18
Period Number
6   
7   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440575   
31
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %   
26
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
21
0.00 %   
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
18
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
35
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
30
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C   
99+
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C   
36
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gold   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50   
14
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa   
99+
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa   
31
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s   
99+
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
95.00 %   
2
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Au   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
36   
3
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54   
1
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42   
18
1.11   
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87   
7
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.92   
5
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46   
99+
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol   
8
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol   
12
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
Not Available   
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr   
21
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV   
4
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
79   
37
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
79   
37
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
118   
23
142   
15
Number of Electrons
79   
37
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm   
32
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm   
40
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm   
39
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu   
33
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol   
99+
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Platinum
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Mercury
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)   
99+
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm   
21
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61   
4
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3   
15
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3   
6
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa   
15
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
23
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)   
4
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa   
27
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa   
9
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.40   
4
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
19.32   
8
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m   
99+
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω   
3
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K   
40
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K   
3
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)   
26
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol   
27
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol   
27
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol   
25
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K   
32
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
Summary >>
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