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Gold vs Thorium

Gold
Thorium
Thorium vs Gold


Periodic Table
Symbol
Au  
Th  
Group Number
11  
7
0  
18
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440575  
31
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
2
194.00  
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %  
26
3 * 10-4 %  
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %  
26
~0.0004 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
18
Not Available  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
35
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
33
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
30
0.02 p.p.m.  
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C  
99+
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C  
36
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gold  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
NA  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
14
3.00  
12
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa  
99+
390.00 MPa  
29
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa  
31
295.00 MPa  
29
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s  
99+
2,490.00 m/s  
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
95.00 %  
2
Not Available  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Au  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
36  
3
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54  
1
1.30  
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
18
1.11  
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87  
7
Not Available  
Allen Electronegativity
1.92  
5
Not Available  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
12
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
Not Available  
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available  
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr  
21
2.16 g/amp-hr  
24
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV  
4
3.41 eV  
32
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
79  
37
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
79  
37
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
118  
23
142  
15
Number of Electrons
79  
37
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
32
179.80 pm  
15
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm  
40
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm  
39
237.00 pm  
15
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu  
33
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Platinum
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Mercury
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)  
99+
59.30 (-eV)  
23
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm  
21
508.42 pm  
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61  
4
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3  
15
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3  
6
Not Available  
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa  
15
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)  
4
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa  
27
31.00 GPa  
21
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
54.00 GPa  
22
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
24
79.00 GPa  
24
Poisson Ratio
0.40  
4
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
19.32  
8
11.70  
23
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m  
99+
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω  
3
0.07 106/cm Ω  
31
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
Not Available  
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
39
0.12 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K  
40
26.23 J/mol·K  
30
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K  
3
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)  
26
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol  
27
429.00 kJ/mol  
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol  
27
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol  
25
468.60 kJ/mol  
15
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K  
32
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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