Thorium vs Lead
Periodic Table
Symbol
Th
Pb
Group Number
0
18
14
4
Period Number
7
6
Block
f block
p block
Element Family
Actinide
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440326
99+
7439921
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
- Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
- The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Unknown
Discovery
In 1829
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %
9
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %
9
~0.000001 %
18
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %
11
0.00 %
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %
7
0.00 %
26
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
15
0.00 %
22
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
8
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
- It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3
11
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
29
30.00 p.p.m.
10
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C
17
327.50 °C
99+
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C
8
1,740.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Gray
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.00
12
1.50
18
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa
29
38.00 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa
29
Not Available
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s
36
1,190.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th
Pb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
28
11
35
4
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
1.87
13
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
2.29
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.55
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
2.41
2
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.85
8
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
1.67
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
715.60 kJ/mol
31
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,450.50 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,081.50 kJ/mol
23
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
4,083.00 kJ/mol
35
5th Energy Level
Not Available
6,640.00 kJ/mol
20
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
3.87 g/amp-hr
9
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV
32
4.25 eV
21
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90
28
82
34
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
90
28
82
34
Number of Neutrons
142
15
125
19
Number of Electrons
90
28
82
34
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm
15
175.00 pm
19
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm
7
146.00 pm
38
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm
15
202.00 pm
27
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu
23
207.20 amu
30
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol
20
18.17 cm3/mol
27
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)
23
24.20 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm
14
495.08 pm
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3
32
11.34 g/cm3
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
10.66 g/cm3
15
Tensile Strength
Not Available
12.00 MPa
20
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
1.64 (Pa)
7
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
22
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa
21
5.60 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa
22
46.00 GPa
24
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa
24
16.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.27
20
0.44
3
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.70
23
11.35
25
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Superconductor
Poor Conductor
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m
22
208.00 nΩ·m
16
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
0.05 106/cm Ω
36
Electron Affinity
Not Available
35.10 kJ/mol
28
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K
30
26.65 J/mol·K
26
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K
28
35.30 W/m·K
38
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
28.90 µm/(m·K)
13
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol
15
179.40 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol
19
4.77 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol
15
194.60 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
64.80 J/mol.K
17
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