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Lead vs Thorium

Lead
Thorium
Thorium vs Lead


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb  
Th  
Group Number
14  
4
0  
18
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
p block  
f block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7439921  
99+
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
2
194.00  
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %  
16
3 * 10-4 %  
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %  
18
~0.0004 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
23
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
26
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
8
Not Available  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3  
11
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
33
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.  
10
0.02 p.p.m.  
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
327.50 °C  
99+
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C  
99+
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
NA  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
18
3.00  
12
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa  
99+
390.00 MPa  
29
Vickers Hardness
Not Available  
295.00 MPa  
29
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s  
99+
2,490.00 m/s  
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pb  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35  
4
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87  
13
1.30  
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29  
4
Not Available  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55  
11
1.11  
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41  
2
Not Available  
Allen Electronegativity
1.85  
8
Not Available  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
31
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol  
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol  
23
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol  
35
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol  
20
Not Available  
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr  
9
2.16 g/amp-hr  
24
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV  
21
3.41 eV  
32
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
82  
34
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
82  
34
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
125  
19
142  
15
Number of Electrons
82  
34
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm  
19
179.80 pm  
15
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
38
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm  
27
237.00 pm  
15
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu  
30
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol  
27
19.90 cm3/mol  
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Thallium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Bismuth
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)  
99+
59.30 (-eV)  
23
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm  
16
508.42 pm  
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3  
33
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3  
15
Not Available  
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa  
20
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)  
7
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available  
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa  
99+
31.00 GPa  
21
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
24
54.00 GPa  
22
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa  
99+
79.00 GPa  
24
Poisson Ratio
0.44  
3
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.35  
25
11.70  
23
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m  
16
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
36
0.07 106/cm Ω  
31
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol  
28
Not Available  
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
39
0.12 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K  
26
26.23 J/mol·K  
30
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K  
38
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)  
13
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol  
99+
429.00 kJ/mol  
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol  
99+
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol  
99+
468.60 kJ/mol  
15
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K  
17
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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