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Lead Thorium Comparison

Lead
Thorium
Thorium Lead comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb  
Th  
Group Number
14  
4
0  
18
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
p block  
f block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7439921  
99+
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
23
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
26
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3  
11
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.  
10
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
327.50 °C  
99+
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C  
99+
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa  
99+
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
38.00 MPa  
99+
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s  
99+
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.02  
14
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
5.00 %  
39
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pb  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35  
4
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87  
14
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29  
4
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55  
12
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41  
2
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.85  
11
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
31
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol  
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol  
23
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol  
32
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
36
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
32
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
30
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
34
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
33
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
28
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
24
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
19
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
40
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
30
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
37
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
31
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
23
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
29
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
30
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
24
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr  
9
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV  
28
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
82  
34
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
82  
34
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
142  
16
Number of Electrons
82  
34
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm  
21
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm  
34
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu  
30
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol  
39
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Thallium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Bismuth
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)  
99+
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm  
18
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.51  
99+
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3  
35
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3  
36
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa  
99+
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
29
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)  
7
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa  
99+
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa  
99+
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.44  
3
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.35  
38
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
30
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m  
16
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol  
33
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K  
34
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K  
39
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
600.61 K  
99+
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)  
13
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol  
99+
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol  
99+
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol  
99+
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K  
18
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
Summary >>
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