Thulium Beryllium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm
Be
Group Number
Not Available
2
16
Period Number
6
2
Block
f block
s block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Alkaline Earth
CAS Number
7440304
99+
7440417
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
- Beryllium is best anti corrosion metal.
- Beryllium is the lightest metal and still it is stronger than steel.
- It also finds various applications in Nuclear reactors as a reflector.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
Discovery
In 1879
In 1797
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %
30
1 * 10-7 %
23
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %
28
~0.00000001 %
29
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
35
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
39
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
19
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
- Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
- Its alloys with copper or nickel are used in manufacturing Gyroscopes, springs, electrical contact and non sparking tools.
- Beryllium Alloys are used as a material for aircraft, missiles, spacecraft and satellite.
Industrial Uses
NA
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Unknown
Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
32
In Bone
Not Available
0.00 p.p.m.
32
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C
23
1,278.00 °C
36
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C
99+
2,970.00 °C
32
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
White Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
5.50
7
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa
25
590.00 MPa
21
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa
21
1,670.00 MPa
4
Speed of Sound
Not Available
12,890.00 m/s
2
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tm
Be
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
9
29
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25
35
1.57
24
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
1.81
12
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.47
14
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.54
12
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.58
23
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75
19
2.43
30
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol
99+
899.50 kJ/mol
7
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,757.10 kJ/mol
23
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol
99+
14,848.70 kJ/mol
2
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
21,006.60 kJ/mol
2
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr
26
0.17 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available
4.98 eV
6
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
69
99+
4
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
[He] 2s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Beryllium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
69
99+
4
99+
Number of Neutrons
100
32
5
99+
Number of Electrons
69
99+
4
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm
18
112.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm
30
96.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
153.00 pm
99+
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu
99+
9.01 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol
28
5.00 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)
28
82.00 (-eV)
15
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm
40
228.58 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
17
1.57
18
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3
40
1.85 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3
24
1.69 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)
10
0.00 (Pa)
19
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa
22
132.00 GPa
7
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa
26
130.00 GPa
13
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa
27
287.00 GPa
7
Poisson Ratio
0.21
31
0.03
35
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.32
31
1.85
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m
5
36.00 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.31 106/cm Ω
5
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
1.82 J/(kg K)
2
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K
22
16.44 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K
99+
200.00 W/m·K
6
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)
29
11.30 µm/(m·K)
34
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol
99+
294.70 kJ/mol
30
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol
17
11.72 kJ/mol
30
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol
99+
326.40 kJ/mol
30
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K
9
9.50 J/mol.K
99+
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