Thulium Niobium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm
Nb
Group Number
Not Available
5
13
Period Number
6
5
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440304
99+
7440031
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve
Charles Hatchett
Discovery
In 1879
In 1801
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %
30
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %
28
~0.0000004 %
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
- Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
Industrial Uses
NA
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Unknown
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
25
In Bone
Not Available
0.07 p.p.m.
25
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C
23
2,468.00 °C
6
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C
99+
2,468.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
6.00
6
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa
25
735.00 MPa
14
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa
21
870.00 MPa
12
Speed of Sound
Not Available
3,480.00 m/s
21
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tm
Nb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
17
22
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25
35
1.60
23
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
1.42
16
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.23
25
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.41
31
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75
19
2.40
31
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol
99+
652.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,380.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,416.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
3,700.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available
4,877.00 kJ/mol
36
6th Energy Level
Not Available
9,847.00 kJ/mol
11
7th Energy level
Not Available
12,100.00 kJ/mol
14
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr
26
0.69 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available
4.30 eV
18
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
69
99+
41
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
69
99+
41
99+
Number of Neutrons
100
32
52
99+
Number of Electrons
69
99+
41
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm
18
146.00 pm
35
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm
30
164.00 pm
28
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu
99+
92.91 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol
28
10.87 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)
28
104.00 (-eV)
8
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm
40
330.04 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
17
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3
40
8.57 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3
24
Not Available
Tensile Strength
Not Available
330.00 MPa
12
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)
10
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
27
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa
22
38.00 GPa
19
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa
26
170.00 GPa
10
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa
27
105.00 GPa
20
Poisson Ratio
0.21
31
0.40
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.32
31
8.57
37
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m
5
152.00 nΩ·m
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω
28
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
86.10 kJ/mol
12
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
0.26 J/(kg K)
20
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K
22
24.60 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K
99+
53.70 W/m·K
29
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)
29
7.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol
99+
696.60 kJ/mol
4
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol
17
27.20 kJ/mol
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol
99+
745.00 kJ/mol
4
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K
9
36.40 J/mol.K
99+
|
||
|
||
|
