Niobium Thulium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb
Tm
Group Number
5
13
Not Available
Period Number
5
6
Block
d block
f block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440031
99+
7440304
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
229.00
1
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett
Per Teodor Cleve
Discovery
In 1801
In 1879
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
1 * 10-8 %
30
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %
23
~0.00000002 %
28
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
35
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
25
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
34
0.00 %
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
- Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Unknown
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
25
Not Available
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.
25
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C
6
1,545.00 °C
23
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C
99+
1,730.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silvery Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.00
6
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa
14
471.00 MPa
25
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa
12
520.00 MPa
21
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s
21
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Nb
Tm
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
17
22
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60
23
1.25
35
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42
16
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23
25
1.11
29
Allen Electronegativity
1.41
31
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40
31
2.75
19
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol
99+
596.70 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,160.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,285.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol
99+
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol
36
Not Available
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol
14
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr
26
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV
18
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
41
99+
69
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
41
99+
69
99+
Number of Neutrons
52
99+
100
32
Number of Electrons
41
99+
69
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm
35
176.00 pm
18
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm
28
160.00 pm
30
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
Not Available
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu
99+
168.93 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol
99+
18.10 cm3/mol
28
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)
8
49.70 (-eV)
28
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm
99+
353.75 pm
40
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.57
17
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3
99+
9.32 g/cm3
40
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
8.56 g/cm3
24
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa
12
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.06 (Pa)
10
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
27
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa
19
30.50 GPa
22
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa
10
44.50 GPa
26
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa
20
74.00 GPa
27
Poisson Ratio
0.40
4
0.21
31
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.57
37
9.32
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m
23
676.00 nΩ·m
5
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
28
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol
12
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)
20
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K
99+
27.03 J/mol·K
22
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K
29
16.90 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
13.30 µm/(m·K)
29
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol
4
191.00 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol
6
16.80 kJ/mol
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol
4
247.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K
99+
74.00 J/mol.K
9
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