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Thulium Palladium Comparison

Thulium
Palladium
Palladium Thulium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm  
Pd  
Group Number
3  
15
10  
8
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440304  
99+
7440053  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1879  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
31
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
28
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C  
23
1,554.90 °C  
22
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C  
99+
2,963.00 °C  
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.25  
16
4.75  
9
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa  
30
320.00 MPa  
40
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa  
33
121.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
3,070.00 m/s  
38
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.60  
33
1.72  
25
Reflectivity
35.00 %  
34
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tm  
Pd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
38  
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25  
36
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.25  
28
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.35  
22
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.25  
35
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.25  
99+
1.59  
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75  
19
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
6th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
7th Energy level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
8th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
9th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
10th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
11th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
12th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
35
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
16th Energy Level
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
36
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
18th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
19th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
20th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
21st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
23rd Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
25th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
26th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
27th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
28th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
29th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
30th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr  
30
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
Electron Work Function
2.40 eV  
99+
5.12 eV  
7
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
69  
99+
46  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2  
[Kr] 4d10  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
69  
99+
46  
99+
Number of Neutrons
100  
33
60  
99+
Number of Electrons
69  
99+
46  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm  
20
137.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm  
32
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
227.00 pm  
26
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu  
99+
106.42 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol  
40
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Erbium
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Ytterbium
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)  
29
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm  
99+
389.07 pm  
28
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
40
1.56  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3  
99+
12.02 g/cm3  
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3  
99+
10.38 g/cm3  
38
Tensile Strength
69.00 MPa  
32
550.00 MPa  
8
Viscosity
0.00  
19
0.00  
14
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)  
10
0.00 (Pa)  
29
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa  
26
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa  
30
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa  
29
121.00 GPa  
18
Poisson Ratio
0.21  
32
0.39  
5
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
12.02  
33
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
18
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
27
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m  
5
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)  
36
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K  
28
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K  
99+
71.80 W/m·K  
23
Critical Temperature
1,818.00 K  
27
1,825.00 K  
26
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)  
35
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol  
99+
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol  
17
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol  
99+
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K  
9
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
Summary >>
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