Thulium Palladium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm
Pd
Group Number
Not Available
10
8
Period Number
6
5
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440304
99+
7440053
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
- Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
- In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
- Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve
William Hyde Wollaston
Discovery
In 1879
In 1803
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %
30
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %
28
~0.0000003 %
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
- Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
- Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
- It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
Industrial Uses
NA
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Unknown
Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
No
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C
23
1,554.90 °C
22
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C
99+
2,963.00 °C
33
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Silver
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
4.75
9
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa
25
320.00 MPa
33
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa
21
121.00 MPa
36
Speed of Sound
Not Available
3,070.00 m/s
26
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
Not Available
1.72
1
Reflectivity
Not Available
84.00 %
4
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tm
Pd
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
38
1
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25
35
2.20
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.35
21
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.59
22
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75
19
1.80
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol
99+
520.23 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol
99+
7,298.22 kJ/mol
2
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol
99+
11,815.13 kJ/mol
3
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr
26
1.99 g/amp-hr
30
Electron Work Function
Not Available
5.12 eV
3
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
69
99+
46
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
[Kr] 4d10
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
69
99+
46
99+
Number of Neutrons
100
32
60
99+
Number of Electrons
69
99+
46
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm
18
137.00 pm
40
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm
30
139.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
163.00 pm
40
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu
99+
106.42 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol
28
8.90 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)
28
33.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm
40
389.07 pm
25
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
17
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3
40
12.02 g/cm3
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3
24
10.38 g/cm3
17
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)
10
0.00 (Pa)
27
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
30
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa
22
44.00 GPa
17
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa
26
180.00 GPa
9
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa
27
121.00 GPa
16
Poisson Ratio
0.21
31
0.39
5
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.32
31
12.02
21
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m
5
105.40 nΩ·m
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.10 106/cm Ω
22
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
54.23 kJ/mol
17
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
0.24 J/(kg K)
23
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K
22
25.98 J/mol·K
33
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K
99+
71.80 W/m·K
23
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)
29
11.80 µm/(m·K)
33
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol
99+
376.60 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol
17
16.74 kJ/mol
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol
99+
393.30 kJ/mol
22
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K
9
37.60 J/mol.K
40
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