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Thulium vs Palladium

Thulium
Palladium
Palladium vs Thulium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm   
Pd   
Group Number
Not Available   
10   
8
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440304   
99+
7440053   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve   
William Hyde Wollaston   
Discovery
In 1879   
In 1803   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %   
30
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %   
28
~0.0000003 %   
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Unknown   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C   
23
1,554.90 °C   
22
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C   
99+
2,963.00 °C   
33
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Gray   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
4.75   
9
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa   
25
320.00 MPa   
33
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa   
21
121.00 MPa   
36
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
3,070.00 m/s   
26
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available   
1.72   
1
Reflectivity
Not Available   
84.00 %   
4
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tm   
Pd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
38   
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25   
35
2.20   
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.35   
21
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.59   
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75   
19
1.80   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol   
99+
520.23 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol   
99+
7,298.22 kJ/mol   
2
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol   
99+
11,815.13 kJ/mol   
3
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr   
26
1.99 g/amp-hr   
30
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
5.12 eV   
3
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
69   
99+
46   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2   
[Kr] 4d10   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
69   
99+
46   
99+
Number of Neutrons
100   
32
60   
99+
Number of Electrons
69   
99+
46   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
137.00 pm   
40
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm   
30
139.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
163.00 pm   
40
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu   
99+
106.42 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol   
28
8.90 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Erbium
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Ytterbium
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)   
28
33.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm   
40
389.07 pm   
25
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3   
40
12.02 g/cm3   
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3   
24
10.38 g/cm3   
17
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)   
10
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa   
22
44.00 GPa   
17
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa   
26
180.00 GPa   
9
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa   
27
121.00 GPa   
16
Poisson Ratio
0.21   
31
0.39   
5
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32   
31
12.02   
21
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m   
5
105.40 nΩ·m   
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.10 106/cm Ω   
22
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
54.23 kJ/mol   
17
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)   
35
0.24 J/(kg K)   
23
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K   
22
25.98 J/mol·K   
33
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K   
99+
71.80 W/m·K   
23
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)   
29
11.80 µm/(m·K)   
33
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol   
99+
376.60 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol   
17
16.74 kJ/mol   
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol   
99+
393.30 kJ/mol   
22
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K   
9
37.60 J/mol.K   
40
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