Thulium Silver Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm
Ag
Group Number
Not Available
11
7
Period Number
6
5
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440304
99+
7440224
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
- It is the most reflective element.
- Silver is the second most ductile metal after Gold.
- It is also used in Dentistry as a dental alloys for clips and crowning.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve
Unknown
Discovery
In 1879
Before 5000 BC
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %
30
6 * 10-8 %
26
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %
28
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
38
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
19
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
- Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
- Silver is mainly used for Jewelry and show piece.
- It is used for manufacturing high quality mirrors due to its reflectivity property.
Industrial Uses
NA
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Unknown
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
29
In Bone
Not Available
0.44 p.p.m.
20
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C
23
961.93 °C
99+
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C
99+
2,212.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
2.50
14
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa
25
251.00 MPa
37
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa
21
229.00 MPa
30
Speed of Sound
Not Available
2,680.00 m/s
34
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
97.00 %
1
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tm
Ag
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
36
3
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25
35
1.93
9
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
1.83
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.42
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.47
15
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.87
7
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75
19
2.07
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol
99+
731.00 kJ/mol
27
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,070.00 kJ/mol
11
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,361.00 kJ/mol
19
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr
26
4.02 g/amp-hr
7
Electron Work Function
Not Available
4.26 eV
20
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
69
99+
47
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
[Kr] 4d10 5s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Silver.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
69
99+
47
99+
Number of Neutrons
100
32
61
99+
Number of Electrons
69
99+
47
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm
18
144.00 pm
36
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm
30
145.00 pm
39
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
172.00 pm
38
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu
99+
107.87 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol
28
10.30 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)
28
11.40 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm
40
408.53 pm
20
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
17
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3
40
10.49 g/cm3
35
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3
24
9.32 g/cm3
21
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)
10
0.00 (Pa)
14
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa
22
30.00 GPa
23
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa
26
100.00 GPa
16
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa
27
83.00 GPa
23
Poisson Ratio
0.21
31
0.37
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.32
31
10.50
26
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Susceptibility
Not Available
0.00
5
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m
5
15.87 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.63 106/cm Ω
1
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
125.60 kJ/mol
5
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
0.24 J/(kg K)
25
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K
22
25.35 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K
99+
429.00 W/m·K
1
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)
29
18.90 µm/(m·K)
23
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol
99+
255.10 kJ/mol
37
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol
17
11.30 kJ/mol
31
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol
99+
284.50 kJ/mol
37
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K
9
42.60 J/mol.K
35
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