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Thulium vs Mercury

Thulium
Mercury
Mercury vs Thulium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm   
Hg   
Group Number
Not Available   
12   
6
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440304   
99+
7439976   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
R_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
166.00   
6
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
  • At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
  • A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
  • Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve   
Ancient Chinese and Indians   
Discovery
In 1879   
Before 2000 BCE   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %   
30
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %   
28
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.05 %   
9
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
  • It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
  • It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Unknown   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
23
In Bone
Not Available   
0.45 p.p.m.   
19
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C   
23
Not Available   
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C   
99+
356.58 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Liquid   
Color
Silvery Gray   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa   
25
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa   
21
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
1,451.40 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available   
1.00   
3
Reflectivity
Not Available   
73.00 %   
8
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tm   
Hg   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
34   
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25   
35
2.00   
7
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.20   
7
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.44   
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.81   
9
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.44   
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75   
19
2.00   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol   
99+
1,007.10 kJ/mol   
4
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,810.00 kJ/mol   
20
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,300.00 kJ/mol   
20
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr   
26
3.74 g/amp-hr   
10
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
4.49 eV   
15
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
69   
99+
80   
36
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Rhombohedral (RHO)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100   
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Mercury.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
69   
99+
80   
36
Number of Neutrons
100   
32
121   
22
Number of Electrons
69   
99+
80   
36
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm   
30
132.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
155.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu   
99+
200.59 amu   
32
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol   
28
14.82 cm3/mol   
35
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Erbium
  
Gold
  
Next Element
Ytterbium
  
Thallium
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)   
28
28.20 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm   
40
300.50 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
NA   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3   
40
13.53 g/cm3   
24
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3   
24
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
0.00   
1
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)   
10
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa   
22
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa   
26
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa   
27
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.21   
31
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32   
31
13.53   
16
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m   
5
961.00 nΩ·m   
1
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)   
35
0.14 J/(kg K)   
38
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K   
22
27.98 J/mol·K   
13
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K   
99+
8.30 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
1,750.00 K   
6
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)   
29
60.40 µm/(m·K)   
5
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol   
99+
56.90 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol   
17
2.29 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol   
99+
61.50 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K   
9
75.80 J/mol.K   
6
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