Thulium vs Mercury
Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm
Hg
Group Number
Not Available
12
6
Period Number
6
6
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440304
99+
7439976
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
R_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
166.00
6
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
- At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
- A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
- Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve
Ancient Chinese and Indians
Discovery
In 1879
Before 2000 BCE
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %
30
Not Available
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %
28
~-9999 %
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
Not Available
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.05 %
9
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
- Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
- It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
- It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
Industrial Uses
NA
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Unknown
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
23
In Bone
Not Available
0.45 p.p.m.
19
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C
23
Not Available
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C
99+
356.58 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Liquid
Color
Silvery Gray
Silver
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa
25
Not Available
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa
21
Not Available
Speed of Sound
Not Available
1,451.40 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
Not Available
1.00
3
Reflectivity
Not Available
73.00 %
8
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tm
Hg
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
34
5
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25
35
2.00
7
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
2.20
7
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.44
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.81
9
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.44
30
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75
19
2.00
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol
99+
1,007.10 kJ/mol
4
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,810.00 kJ/mol
20
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,300.00 kJ/mol
20
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr
26
3.74 g/amp-hr
10
Electron Work Function
Not Available
4.49 eV
15
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
69
99+
80
36
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Mercury.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
69
99+
80
36
Number of Neutrons
100
32
121
22
Number of Electrons
69
99+
80
36
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm
18
151.00 pm
32
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm
30
132.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
155.00 pm
99+
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu
99+
200.59 amu
32
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol
28
14.82 cm3/mol
35
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)
28
28.20 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm
40
300.50 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
NA
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
17
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3
40
13.53 g/cm3
24
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3
24
Not Available
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
0.00
1
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)
10
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa
22
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa
26
Not Available
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa
27
Not Available
Poisson Ratio
0.21
31
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.32
31
13.53
16
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m
5
961.00 nΩ·m
1
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
0.14 J/(kg K)
38
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K
22
27.98 J/mol·K
13
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K
99+
8.30 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
1,750.00 K
6
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)
29
60.40 µm/(m·K)
5
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol
99+
56.90 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol
17
2.29 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol
99+
61.50 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K
9
75.80 J/mol.K
6
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