Thulium Zinc Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm
Zn
Group Number
Not Available
12
6
Period Number
6
4
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440304
99+
7440666
24
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve
Indian metallurgists
Discovery
In 1879
Before 1000 BCE
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %
30
3 * 10-5 %
11
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %
28
~0.0002 %
10
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.02 %
12
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.01 %
16
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
10
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
6
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
- Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
- It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
- It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.
Industrial Uses
NA
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Unknown
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
7.00 Blood/mg dm-3
6
In Bone
Not Available
170.00 p.p.m.
6
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C
23
419.58 °C
99+
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C
99+
907.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Silvery Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
2.50
14
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa
25
327.00 MPa
32
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa
21
Not Available
Speed of Sound
Not Available
3,850.00 m/s
18
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
Not Available
1.00
2
Reflectivity
Not Available
80.00 %
5
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tm
Zn
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
25
14
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25
35
1.65
19
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
2.23
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.66
7
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.65
11
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.59
22
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75
19
2.35
35
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol
99+
906.40 kJ/mol
6
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,733.30 kJ/mol
27
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,833.00 kJ/mol
12
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
5,731.00 kJ/mol
11
5th Energy Level
Not Available
7,970.00 kJ/mol
9
6th Energy Level
Not Available
10,400.00 kJ/mol
9
7th Energy level
Not Available
12,900.00 kJ/mol
9
8th Energy Level
Not Available
16,800.00 kJ/mol
6
9th Energy Level
Not Available
19,600.00 kJ/mol
8
10th Energy Level
Not Available
23,000.00 kJ/mol
10
11th Energy Level
Not Available
26,400.00 kJ/mol
11
12th Energy Level
Not Available
29,990.00 kJ/mol
11
13th Energy Level
Not Available
40,490.00 kJ/mol
5
14th Energy Level
Not Available
43,800.00 kJ/mol
6
15th Energy Level
Not Available
47,300.00 kJ/mol
8
16th Energy Level
Not Available
52,300.00 kJ/mol
9
17th Energy Level
Not Available
55,900.00 kJ/mol
10
18th Energy Level
Not Available
59,700.00 kJ/mol
11
19th Energy Level
Not Available
67,300.00 kJ/mol
10
20th Energy Level
Not Available
171,200.00 kJ/mol
1
21st Energy Level
Not Available
179,100.00 kJ/mol
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr
26
1.22 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available
4.33 eV
17
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
69
99+
30
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
[Ar] 3d10 4s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zinc.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
69
99+
30
99+
Number of Neutrons
100
32
35
99+
Number of Electrons
69
99+
30
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm
18
134.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm
30
122.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
139.00 pm
99+
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu
99+
65.38 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol
28
9.20 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)
28
38.90 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm
40
266.49 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
17
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3
40
7.14 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3
24
6.57 g/cm3
37
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)
10
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa
22
43.00 GPa
18
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa
26
70.00 GPa
19
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa
27
108.00 GPa
19
Poisson Ratio
0.21
31
0.25
24
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.32
31
6.90
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m
5
59.00 nΩ·m
40
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.17 106/cm Ω
12
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
0.39 J/(kg K)
14
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K
22
25.47 J/mol·K
39
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K
99+
116.00 W/m·K
14
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)
29
30.20 µm/(m·K)
11
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol
99+
7.32 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol
17
7.32 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol
99+
129.70 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K
9
41.60 J/mol.K
36
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