Thulium Zirconium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm
Zr
Group Number
Not Available
4
14
Period Number
6
5
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440304
99+
7440677
23
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
- Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
- Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve
Martin Heinrich Klaproth
Discovery
In 1879
In 1789
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %
30
5 * 10-6 %
13
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %
28
~0.000004 %
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
17
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.01 %
14
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
23
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
- Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
- As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
- Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
Industrial Uses
NA
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Unknown
NA
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
21
In Bone
Not Available
0.10 p.p.m.
23
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C
23
1,852.00 °C
15
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C
99+
4,377.00 °C
11
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Lustrous
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
5.00
8
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa
25
638.00 MPa
19
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa
21
820.00 MPa
15
Speed of Sound
Not Available
3,800.00 m/s
20
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tm
Zr
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
24
15
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25
35
1.33
30
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
0.90
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.22
26
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.32
34
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75
19
2.67
24
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol
99+
640.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,270.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,218.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
3,313.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available
7,752.00 kJ/mol
10
6th Energy Level
Not Available
9,500.00 kJ/mol
15
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr
26
0.85 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available
4.05 eV
26
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
69
99+
40
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
[Kr] 4d2 5s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
69
99+
40
99+
Number of Neutrons
100
32
51
99+
Number of Electrons
69
99+
40
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm
18
160.00 pm
27
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm
30
175.00 pm
23
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu
99+
91.22 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol
28
14.10 cm3/mol
36
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)
28
80.00 (-eV)
18
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm
40
323.20 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
17
1.59
8
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3
40
6.52 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3
24
5.80 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
330.00 MPa
12
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)
10
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
21
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa
22
33.00 GPa
20
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa
26
91.10 GPa
17
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa
27
88.00 GPa
22
Poisson Ratio
0.21
31
0.34
10
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.32
31
6.51
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m
5
421.00 nΩ·m
11
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
41.10 kJ/mol
27
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
0.27 J/(kg K)
19
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K
22
25.36 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K
99+
22.60 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)
29
5.70 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol
99+
581.60 kJ/mol
9
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol
17
20.90 kJ/mol
11
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol
99+
598.00 kJ/mol
10
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K
9
39.00 J/mol.K
39
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