1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Post-Transition
Lanthanide
1.6 CAS Number
74403157440451
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- In the list of most abundant element Tin is ranked 49th.
- Tin metal does not react with water as well as does not corrode in it.
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Unknown
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %1 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000009 %~0.0000004 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Tin-niobium alloy is used for producing superconducting magnets.
-
Tin salt known as a tin II chloride, it is used as a mordant and as a reducing agent for dyeing calico and silk.
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Food Industry
Chemical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Dentistry
Medical Research
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Non Toxic
Moderately Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.38 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
1.40 p.p.m.2.70 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
231.90 °C795.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
2,270.00 °C3,257.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
50.00 MPa186.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
2,730.00 m/s2,100.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Grey Tin (alpha Tin, Tin Pest)
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
White Tin (Beta Tin)
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Rhombic Tin (gamma Tin)
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol534.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,411.80 kJ/mol1,050.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,943.00 kJ/mol1,949.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
3,930.30 kJ/mol3,547.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
7,456.00 kJ/mol6,325.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NA7,490.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr1.74 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Tetragonal (TETR)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
140.00 pm181.80 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
139.00 pm204.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
217.00 pm235.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
118.71 amu140.12 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
16.30 cm3/mol20.67 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
83.50 (-eV)41.78 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
583.18 pm362.00 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
7.37 g/cm36.77 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.99 g/cm36.55 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa13.50 GPa
1.3
222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
58.00 GPa21.50 GPa
1.6
462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa33.60 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
115.00 nΩ·m828.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.09 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
107.30 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)0.19 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
27.11 J/mol·K26.94 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
66.80 W/m·K11.30 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
22.00 µm/(m·K)6.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
290.40 kJ/mol414.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
7.03 kJ/mol5.46 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
301.30 kJ/mol381.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
51.20 J/mol.K72.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1