Symbol
Y
  
Ho
  
Group Number
Not Available
  
Period Number
5
  
6
  
Block
d block
  
f block
  
Element Family
Transition Metal
  
Lanthanide
  
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
  
P63/mmc
  
Interesting Facts
- Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
- Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
  
- Holmium metal is very soft and malleable.
- Holmium metal is well known for its corrosion resistivity.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Johan Gadolin
  
Marc Delafontaine
  
Discovery
In 1794
  
In 1878
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
  
26
~-9999 %
  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Uses & Benefits
- Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
-
It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
  
- Holmium metal has an ability to absorb neutrons, so this metal is used in nuclear reactors to keep the chain reactions of elements under control.
-
Alloys of Holmium are used to produce Magnet.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
NA
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
NA
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys, Nuclear Research
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
  
Low Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
No
  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
26
Not Available
  
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.
  
25
Not Available
  
Melting Point
1,523.00 °C
  
27
1,461.00 °C
  
30
Boiling Point
3,337.00 °C
  
21
2,600.00 °C
  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silvery White
  
Silvery White
  
Luster
NA
  
Metallic
  
Hardness
  
  
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
3,300.00 m/s
  
23
2,760.00 m/s
  
30
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Y
  
Ho
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
581.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,180.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,140.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
2,204.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,847.00 kJ/mol
  
10
4,100.00 kJ/mol
  
34
5th Energy Level
7,430.00 kJ/mol
  
14
Not Available
  
6th Energy Level
8,970.00 kJ/mol
  
17
Not Available
  
7th Energy level
11,190.00 kJ/mol
  
18
Not Available
  
8th Energy Level
12,450.00 kJ/mol
  
18
Not Available
  
9th Energy Level
14,110.00 kJ/mol
  
19
Not Available
  
10th Energy Level
18,400.00 kJ/mol
  
17
Not Available
  
11th Energy Level
19,900.00 kJ/mol
  
18
Not Available
  
12th Energy Level
36,090.00 kJ/mol
  
5
Not Available
  
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr
  
99+
2.02 g/amp-hr
  
29
Electron Work Function
Not Available
  
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d1 5s2
  
[Xe] 4f11 6s2
  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100
  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Holmium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Weight
164.93 amu
  
99+
Atomic Volume
19.80 cm3/mol
  
21
18.70 cm3/mol
  
24
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
48.00 (-eV)
  
30
47.90 (-eV)
  
31
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
4.47 g/cm3
  
99+
8.79 g/cm3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.24 g/cm3
  
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
  
Ductile, Malleable, Sectile
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
Conductor
  
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
  
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω
  
99+
Electron Affinity
29.60 kJ/mol
  
30
50.00 kJ/mol
  
21
Specific Heat
0.30 J/(kg K)
  
18
0.16 J/(kg K)
  
35
Molar Heat Capacity
26.53 J/mol·K
  
27
27.15 J/mol·K
  
19
Thermal Conductivity
17.20 W/m·K
  
99+
16.20 W/m·K
  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
10.60 µm/(m·K)
  
37
11.20 µm/(m·K)
  
35
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
393.00 kJ/mol
  
18
241.00 kJ/mol
  
38
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.15 kJ/mol
  
16
11.76 kJ/mol
  
29
Enthalpy of Atomization
418.00 kJ/mol
  
18
301.00 kJ/mol
  
36
Standard Molar Entropy
44.40 J/mol.K
  
33
75.30 J/mol.K
  
8