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Holmium vs Hafnium

Holmium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Holmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ho  
Hf  
Group Number
3  
15
4  
14
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440600  
29
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Holmium metal is very soft and malleable.
  • Holmium metal is well known for its corrosion resistivity.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Marc Delafontaine  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1878  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
28
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Holmium metal has an ability to absorb neutrons, so this metal is used in nuclear reactors to keep the chain reactions of elements under control.
  • Alloys of Holmium are used to produce Magnet.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,461.00 °C  
30
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
2,600.00 °C  
99+
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
746.00 MPa  
14
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
481.00 MPa  
36
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.67  
29
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
16
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ho  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34  
5
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.23  
38
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.23  
30
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.10  
31
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.23  
37
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.23  
99+
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.77  
17
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,140.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,204.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,500.00 kJ/mol  
39
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
6,500.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
40
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
20
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.02 g/amp-hr  
33
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.90 eV  
12
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
67  
99+
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f11 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Holmium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
67  
99+
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
98  
35
106  
30
Number of Electrons
67  
99+
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm  
20
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
192.00 pm  
17
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
216.00 pm  
30
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
164.93 amu  
99+
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
18.70 cm3/mol  
36
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Dysprosium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Erbium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
47.90 (-eV)  
32
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
357.73 pm  
99+
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
40
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.79 g/cm3  
99+
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.34 g/cm3  
99+
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
270.00 MPa  
17
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
17
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
26.30 GPa  
35
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
40.20 GPa  
37
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
64.80 GPa  
33
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.23  
29
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Sectile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.80  
99+
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
7
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
11
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
814.00 nΩ·m  
4
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)  
36
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
27.15 J/mol·K  
25
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
16.20 W/m·K  
99+
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,747.00 K  
34
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
11.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
241.00 kJ/mol  
99+
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.76 kJ/mol  
35
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
301.00 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
75.30 J/mol.K  
8
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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