Zinc

Ruthenium

Zinc Ruthenium Comparison

Zinc

Ruthenium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

128

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

d block

1.5 Element Family

Transition Metal

1.6 CAS Number

74406667440188

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

194.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.

Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.

2.2 Sources

Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Indian metallurgists

Karl Ernst Claus

2.3.2 Discovery

Before 1000 BCE

In 1844

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

3 * 10^-5 %4 * 10^-7 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.0002 %~0.0000005 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.02 %0.00 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.01 %0.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

0.00 %NA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.

It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.

Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Pharmaceutical Industry

Medical Research

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Highly Toxic

Low Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

7.00 Blood/mg dm-3NA

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

170.00 p.p.m.NA

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

419.58 °C2,250.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

907.00 °C3,900.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silvery Gray

Silvery White

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

2.506.50

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

327.00 MPa2,160.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

NANA

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

3,850.00 m/s5,970.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

1.00NA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

80.00 %NA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

2526

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.652.20

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

2.23NA

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.661.42

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

1.65NA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.591.54

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.351.80

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

906.40 kJ/mol710.20 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,733.30 kJ/mol710.22 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

3,833.00 kJ/mol2,747.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

5,731.00 kJ/molNA

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

7,970.00 kJ/molNA

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

10,400.00 kJ/molNA

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

12,900.00 kJ/molNA

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

16,800.00 kJ/molNA

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

19,600.00 kJ/molNA

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

23,000.00 kJ/molNA

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

26,400.00 kJ/molNA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

29,990.00 kJ/molNA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

40,490.00 kJ/molNA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

43,800.00 kJ/molNA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

47,300.00 kJ/molNA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

52,300.00 kJ/molNA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

55,900.00 kJ/molNA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

59,700.00 kJ/molNA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

67,300.00 kJ/molNA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

171,200.00 kJ/molNA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

179,100.00 kJ/molNA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

1.22 g/amp-hr1.26 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

4.33 eV4.71 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes

Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

3044

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s²

[Kr] 4d⁷ 5s¹

6.3 Crystal Structure

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

3044

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

3557

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

3044

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

134.00 pm134.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

122.00 pm146.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

139.00 pm200.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

65.38 amu101.07 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

9.20 cm3/mol8.30 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

38.90 (-eV)64.00 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

266.49 pm270.59 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NA1.58

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

7.14 g/cm³12.45 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

6.57 g/cm310.65 g/cm3

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

NANA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NANA

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NA0.00 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

43.00 GPa173.00 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

70.00 GPa220.00 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

108.00 GPa447.00 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.250.30

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

6.9012.45

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Diamagnetic

Paramagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

59.00 nΩ·m71.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.17 10⁶/cm Ω0.14 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

0.00 kJ/mol101.30 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.39 J/(kg K)0.24 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

25.47 J/mol·K24.06 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

116.00 W/m·K117.00 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

30.20 µm/(m·K)6.40 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

7.32 kJ/mol567.80 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

7.32 kJ/mol25.50 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

129.70 kJ/mol603.00 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

41.60 J/mol.K28.50 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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