1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.7 Period Number
1.8 Block
1.9 Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
1.11 CAS Number
74406667440451
7429905
54386242
1.13 Space Group Name
1.14 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
3.2 Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Indian metallurgists
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-5 %1 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
4.1.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.0002 %~0.0000004 %
1E-08
0.1
4.1.8 Abundance In Meteorites
4.2.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
4.2.7 Abundance In Oceans
4.2.11 Abundance In Humans
6 Uses
6.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
- It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
6.1.1 Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
6.1.2 Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
Medical Research
6.1.3 Other Uses
6.2 Biological Properties
6.2.1 Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Moderately Toxic
6.2.2 Present in Human Body
6.2.3 In Blood
7.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
7.1.1 In Bone
170.00 p.p.m.2.70 p.p.m.
0
170000
9 Physical
9.1 Melting Point
419.58 °C795.00 °C
27
3410
9.5 Boiling Point
907.00 °C3,257.00 °C
147
5660
9.9 Appearance
9.9.1 Physical State
9.9.2 Color
Silvery Gray
Silvery White
9.9.3 Luster
9.10 Hardness
9.10.1 Mohs Hardness
10.2.2 Brinell Hardness
327.00 MPa186.00 MPa
0.14
3490
10.4.3 Vickers Hardness
10.6 Speed of Sound
3,850.00 m/s2,100.00 m/s
818
16200
10.9 Optical Properties
10.9.1 Refractive Index
11.2.2 Reflectivity
11.3 Allotropes
11.3.2 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
11.3.3 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
11.3.4 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
12 Chemical
12.1 Chemical Formula
12.3 Isotopes
12.3.1 Known Isotopes
12.6 Electronegativity
12.6.1 Pauling Electronegativity
12.6.5 Sanderson Electronegativity
12.6.10 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
12.7.3 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
12.7.7 Allen Electronegativity
12.9 Electropositivity
12.9.1 Pauling Electropositivity
12.10 Ionization Energies
12.10.1 1st Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol534.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
12.11.2 2nd Energy Level
1,733.30 kJ/mol1,050.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
12.13.2 3rd Energy Level
3,833.00 kJ/mol1,949.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
12.14.2 4th Energy Level
5,731.00 kJ/mol3,547.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
12.16.1 5th Energy Level
7,970.00 kJ/mol6,325.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
13.1.3 6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol7,490.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
13.2.2 7th Energy level
12,900.00 kJ/molNA
7226.8
114300
14.1.1 8th Energy Level
16,800.00 kJ/molNA
8857.4
125300
14.5.2 9th Energy Level
19,600.00 kJ/molNA
14110
134700
14.7.2 10th Energy Level
23,000.00 kJ/molNA
17100
144300
14.8.3 11th Energy Level
26,400.00 kJ/molNA
19900
169988
14.10.1 12th Energy Level
29,990.00 kJ/molNA
22219
189368
14.11.2 13th Energy Level
40,490.00 kJ/molNA
26930
76015
14.14.1 14th Energy Level
43,800.00 kJ/molNA
29196
86450
15.1.2 15th Energy Level
47,300.00 kJ/molNA
41987
97510
15.2.2 16th Energy Level
52,300.00 kJ/molNA
47206
109480
16.3.1 17th Energy Level
55,900.00 kJ/molNA
52737
122200
16.4.6 18th Energy Level
59,700.00 kJ/molNA
58570
134810
16.6.4 19th Energy Level
67,300.00 kJ/molNA
64702
148700
16.6.6 20th Energy Level
171,200.00 kJ/molNA
80400
171200
16.6.8 21st Energy Level
179,100.00 kJ/molNA
87000
179100
16.7.1 22nd Energy Level
17.1.3 23rd Energy Level
17.1.7 24th Energy Level
18.1.1 25th Energy Level
18.1.3 26th Energy Level
18.2.2 27th Energy Level
19.1.1 28th Energy Level
19.3.1 29th Energy Level
19.5.1 30th Energy Level
19.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.22 g/amp-hr1.74 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
19.11 Electron Work Function
19.13 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
20 Atomic
20.1 Atomic Number
20.3 Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
20.4 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
20.4.1 Crystal Lattice
20.5 Atom
20.5.1 Number of Protons
20.5.3 Number of Neutrons
20.6.1 Number of Electrons
20.7 Radius of an Atom
20.7.1 Atomic Radius
134.00 pm181.80 pm
112
265
20.7.2 Covalent Radius
122.00 pm204.00 pm
96
260
20.7.3 Van der Waals Radius
139.00 pm235.00 pm
139
348
20.8 Atomic Weight
65.38 amu140.12 amu
6.94
294
20.9 Atomic Volume
9.20 cm3/mol20.67 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
20.10 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
20.10.1 Previous Element
20.10.2 Next Element
20.11 Valence Electron Potential
38.90 (-eV)41.78 (-eV)
8
392.42
20.12 Lattice Constant
266.49 pm362.00 pm
228.58
891.25
20.13 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
20.14 Lattice C/A Ratio
21 Mechanical
21.1 Density
21.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
7.14 g/cm36.77 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
21.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.57 g/cm36.55 g/cm3
0.512
20
21.2 Tensile Strength
21.3 Viscosity
21.4 Vapor Pressure
21.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
21.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
21.5 Elasticity properties
21.5.1 Shear Modulus
43.00 GPa13.50 GPa
1.3
222
21.5.2 Bulk Modulus
70.00 GPa21.50 GPa
1.6
462
21.5.3 Young's Modulus
108.00 GPa33.60 GPa
1.7
528
21.6 Poisson Ratio
21.7 Other Mechanical Properties
22 Magnetic
22.1 Magnetic Characteristics
22.1.1 Specific Gravity
22.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
22.1.3 Permeability
22.1.4 Susceptibility
22.2 Electrical Properties
22.2.1 Electrical Property
22.2.2 Resistivity
59.00 nΩ·m828.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
22.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.17 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
22.2.4 Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
23 Thermal
23.1 Specific Heat
0.39 J/(kg K)0.19 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
23.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.47 J/mol·K26.94 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
23.3 Thermal Conductivity
116.00 W/m·K11.30 W/m·K
6.3
429
23.4 Critical Temperature
23.5 Thermal Expansion
30.20 µm/(m·K)6.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
23.6 Enthalpy
23.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
7.32 kJ/mol414.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
23.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
7.32 kJ/mol5.46 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
23.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
129.70 kJ/mol381.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
23.7 Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K72.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1