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Zinc
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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Zn
Ag
1.2 Group Number
1211
Gadolinium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
45
Lithium
2 7
1.4 Block
d block
d block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74406667440224
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
1.8 Space Group Number
194.00225.00
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.
  • It is the most reflective element.
  • Silver is the second most ductile metal after Gold.
  • It is also used in Dentistry as a dental alloys for clips and crowning.
2.2 Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Ores of metals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Indian metallurgists
Unknown
2.3.2 Discovery
Before 1000 BCE
Before 5000 BC
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-5 %6 * 10-8 %
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0002 %~0.0000001 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
0.02 %0.00 %
Gold
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %0.00 %
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
0.00 %NA
Radium
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
  • It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.
  • Silver is mainly used for Jewelry and show piece.
  • It is used for manufacturing high quality mirrors due to its reflectivity property.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Non Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
7.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium
0 1970
3.2.4 In Bone
170.00 p.p.m.0.44 p.p.m.
Plutonium
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
419.58 °C961.93 °C
Francium
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
907.00 °C2,212.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Silvery Gray
Silvery White
4.3.3 Luster
Metallic
Metallic
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
2.502.50
Cesium
0.2 8.5
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
327.00 MPa251.00 MPa
Cesium
0.14 3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
NA229.00 MPa
Palladium
121 3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
3,850.00 m/s2,680.00 m/s
Thallium
818 16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
1.00NA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
4.6.2 Reflectivity
80.00 %97.00 %
Molybdenum
58 97
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Zn
Ag
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
2536
Tennessine
0 38
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.651.93
Francium
0.7 2.54
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
2.231.83
Cesium
0.22 2.56
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.661.42
Cesium
0.86 1.82
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.651.47
Cesium
0.62 2.48
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
1.591.87
Cesium
0.659 2.7
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.352.07
Gold
1.46 3.3
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol731.00 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,733.30 kJ/mol2,070.00 kJ/mol
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
3,833.00 kJ/mol3,361.00 kJ/mol
Osmium
1600 34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
5,731.00 kJ/molNA
Thorium
2780 37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
7,970.00 kJ/molNA
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/molNA
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
12,900.00 kJ/molNA
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
16,800.00 kJ/molNA
Hassium
8857.4 125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
19,600.00 kJ/molNA
Yttrium
14110 134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
23,000.00 kJ/molNA
Strontium
17100 144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
26,400.00 kJ/molNA
Yttrium
19900 169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
29,990.00 kJ/molNA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
40,490.00 kJ/molNA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
43,800.00 kJ/molNA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
47,300.00 kJ/molNA
Manganese
41987 97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
52,300.00 kJ/molNA
Iron
47206 109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
55,900.00 kJ/molNA
Cobalt
52737 122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
59,700.00 kJ/molNA
Nickel
58570 134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
67,300.00 kJ/molNA
Copper
64702 148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
171,200.00 kJ/molNA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
179,100.00 kJ/molNA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.22 g/amp-hr4.02 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
4.33 eV4.26 eV
Cesium
2.14 5.65
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
3047
Lithium
3 117
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2
[Kr] 4d10 5s1
6.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
3047
Lithium
3 117
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
3561
Lithium
4 184
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
3047
Lithium
3 117
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
134.00 pm144.00 pm
Beryllium
112 265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
122.00 pm145.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
139.00 pm172.00 pm
Palladium
139 348
6.6 Atomic Weight
65.38 amu107.87 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
6.7 Atomic Volume
9.20 cm3/mol10.30 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
38.90 (-eV)11.40 (-eV)
Francium
8 392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
266.49 pm408.53 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
NANA
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
7.14 g/cm310.49 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.57 g/cm39.32 g/cm3
Lithium
0.512 20
7.2 Tensile Strength
NANA
Indium
2.5 11000
7.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NA0.00 (Pa)
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NANA
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
43.00 GPa30.00 GPa
Potassium
1.3 222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
70.00 GPa100.00 GPa
Cesium
1.6 462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
108.00 GPa83.00 GPa
Cesium
1.7 528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
0.250.37
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
6.9010.50
Lithium
0.53 4500
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
8.1.4 Susceptibility
NA0.00
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
8.2.2 Resistivity
59.00 nΩ·m15.87 nΩ·m
Thallium
0.18 961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.17 106/cm Ω0.63 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol125.60 kJ/mol
Mercury
0 222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.39 J/(kg K)0.24 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.47 J/mol·K25.35 J/mol·K
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
116.00 W/m·K429.00 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
9.4 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
9.5 Thermal Expansion
30.20 µm/(m·K)18.90 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
7.32 kJ/mol255.10 kJ/mol
Sodium
7.32 799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
7.32 kJ/mol11.30 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
129.70 kJ/mol284.50 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K42.60 J/mol.K
Beryllium
9.5 198.1