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Aluminium vs Scandium

Aluminium
Scandium
Scandium vs Aluminium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Al   
Sc   
Group Number
13   
5
3   
15
Period Number
3   
4   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7429905   
99+
7440202   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Aluminum’s abundance percentage is more as it is found in more than 260 minerals.
  • Pure Aluminum always reacts with oxygen rapidly.
  • It is a good conductor of heat and electricity and used in transmission lines.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
By Electrolysis Process, Earth's crust, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Hans Christian Oersted   
Lars Fredrik Nilson   
Discovery
In 1825   
In 1879   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-3 %   
5
3 * 10-6 %   
15
Abundance In Sun
~0.006 %   
5
~0.000004 %   
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.91 %   
5
0.00 %   
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
8.10 %   
1
0.00 %   
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
6
0.00 %   
32
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
10
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Aluminum is used in a various products; for example, cans, foils, kitchen utensils, window frames, beer kegs and aero plane parts, automobile parts, etc.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.39 Blood/mg dm-3   
9
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
22
In Bone
27.00 p.p.m.   
11
0.00 p.p.m.   
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
660.37 °C   
99+
1,539.00 °C   
24
Boiling Point
2,467.00 °C   
99+
2,832.00 °C   
35
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Gray   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Lustrous   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.75   
13
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
160.00 MPa   
99+
750.00 MPa   
12
Vickers Hardness
160.00 MPa   
35
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
5,000.00 m/s   
10
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
71.00 %   
10
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Al   
Sc   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
11   
27
13   
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.61   
22
1.36   
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.71   
13
1.02   
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.47   
14
1.20   
27
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.83   
8
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.61   
20
1.19   
36
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.39   
32
2.64   
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol   
99+
633.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,816.70 kJ/mol   
19
1,235.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,744.80 kJ/mol   
38
2,388.60 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
11,577.00 kJ/mol   
3
7,090.60 kJ/mol   
6
5th Energy Level
14,842.00 kJ/mol   
2
8,843.00 kJ/mol   
6
6th Energy Level
18,379.00 kJ/mol   
2
10,679.00 kJ/mol   
7
7th Energy level
23,326.00 kJ/mol   
2
13,310.00 kJ/mol   
8
8th Energy Level
27,465.00 kJ/mol   
2
15,250.00 kJ/mol   
11
9th Energy Level
31,853.00 kJ/mol   
2
17,370.00 kJ/mol   
14
10th Energy Level
38,473.00 kJ/mol   
4
21,726.00 kJ/mol   
13
11th Energy Level
42,647.00 kJ/mol   
5
24,102.00 kJ/mol   
16
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
66,320.00 kJ/mol   
2
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
73,010.00 kJ/mol   
2
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
80,160.00 kJ/mol   
3
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
89,490.00 kJ/mol   
4
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,400.00 kJ/mol   
5
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
117,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
124,270.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.34 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.56 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.28 eV   
19
3.50 eV   
31
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
13   
99+
21   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s2 3p1   
[Ar] 3d1 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Aluminium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
13   
99+
21   
99+
Number of Neutrons
14   
99+
24   
99+
Number of Electrons
13   
99+
21   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
143.00 pm   
37
162.00 pm   
26
Covalent Radius
121.00 pm   
99+
170.00 pm   
25
Van der Waals Radius
184.00 pm   
34
211.00 pm   
25
Atomic Weight
26.98 amu   
99+
44.96 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
10.00 cm3/mol   
99+
15.00 cm3/mol   
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Magnesium
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Potassium
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
80.70 (-eV)   
17
58.00 (-eV)   
24
Lattice Constant
404.95 pm   
22
330.90 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.59   
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.70 g/cm3   
99+
2.99 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.38 g/cm3   
99+
2.80 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
40.00 MPa   
19
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
18
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
91.30 (Pa)   
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
26.00 GPa   
29
29.10 GPa   
24
Bulk Modulus
76.00 GPa   
18
56.60 GPa   
21
Young's Modulus
70.00 GPa   
28
74.40 GPa   
26
Poisson Ratio
0.35   
9
0.28   
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
2.72   
99+
2.99   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Permeability
0.00 H/m   
4
Not Available   
Susceptibility
0.00   
3
Not Available   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
28.20 nΩ·m   
99+
562.00 nΩ·m   
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.38 106/cm Ω   
4
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
42.50 kJ/mol   
26
18.10 kJ/mol   
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.90 J/(kg K)   
5
0.60 J/(kg K)   
8
Molar Heat Capacity
24.20 J/mol·K   
99+
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
Thermal Conductivity
237.00 W/m·K   
4
15.80 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
23.10 µm/(m·K)   
17
10.20 µm/(m·K)   
39
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
293.70 kJ/mol   
31
314.20 kJ/mol   
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.67 kJ/mol   
35
14.10 kJ/mol   
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
322.20 kJ/mol   
31
343.00 kJ/mol   
28
Standard Molar Entropy
28.30 J/mol.K   
99+
34.60 J/mol.K   
99+
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